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Part 12: Condensed Matter

Solid state physics quantities

60 entries· Edition 2019FR→ About this part

12-1lattice vector

R

m

·metre

translation vector that maps the crystal lattice on itself

12-1.2

fundamental lattice vectors

a_{1}, a_{2}, a_{3}

a, b, c

m

·metre

fundamental translation vectors for the crystal lattice

12-2angular reciprocal lattice vector

12-2.1

angular reciprocal lattice vector

G

m^{- 1}

·per metre

vector whose scalar products with all fundamental lattice vectors are integral multiples of

12-2.2

fundamental reciprocal lattice vectors

b_{1}, b_{2}, b_{3}

m^{- 1}

·per metre

fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice

12-3lattice plane spacing

12-3

lattice plane spacing

d

m

·metre

distance (iso80000-3) between successive lattice planes

12-4Bragg angle

12-4

Bragg angle

ϑ

1

d e g

·one, degree

angle between the scattered ray and the lattice plane

12-5short-range order parameter

12-5.1

short-range order parameter

r

σ

1

·one

fraction of nearest-neighbour atom pairs in an Ising ferromagnet having magnetic moments in one direction, minus the fraction having…

12-5.2

long-range order parameter

R

s

1

·one

fraction of atoms in an Ising ferromagnet having magnetic moments in one direction, minus the fraction having magnetic moments in the…

12-5.3

atomic scattering factor

f

1

·one

quotient of radiation amplitude scattered by the atom and radiation amplitude scattered by a single electron

12-5.4

structure factor

F (h, k, l)

1

·one

quantity given by: where is the atomic scattering factor (t12-5.3) for atom , , , are fractional coordinates of its position, is the total…

12-6Burgers vector

12-6

Burgers vector

b

m

·metre

closing vector in a sequence of vectors encircling a dislocation

12-7particle position vector

12-7.1

particle position vector

r

R

m

·metre

position vector (iso80000-3) of a particle

12-7.2

equilibrium position vector

R_{0}

m

·metre

position vector (iso80000-3) of an ion or atom in equilibrium

12-7.3

displacement vector

u

m

·metre

difference between the position vector (iso80000-3) of an ion or atom and its position vector in equilibrium

12-8Debye-Waller factor

12-8

Debye-Waller factor

D

B

1

·one

factor by which the intensity of a diffraction line is reduced because of the lattice vibrations

12-9angular wavenumber, angular repetency <condensed matter physics>

12-9.1

angular wavenumber, angular repetency

k

(q)

m^{- 1}

·per metre

quotient of momentum (iso80000-4) and the reduced Planck constant (iso80000-1)

12-9.2

Fermi angular wavenumber, Fermi angular repetency

k_{F}

m^{- 1}

·per metre

angular wavenumber (t12-9.1) of electrons in states on the Fermi sphere

12-9.3

Debye angular wavenumber, Debye angular repetency

q_{D}

m^{- 1}

·per metre

cut-off angular wavenumber (t12-9.1) in the Debye model of the vibrational spectrum of a solid

12-10Debye angular frequency

12-10

Debye angular frequency

ω_{D}

s^{- 1}

·per second

cut-off angular frequency (iso80000-3) in the Debye model of the vibrational spectrum of a solid

12-11Debye temperature

12-11

Debye temperature

Θ_{D}

K

·kelvin

in the Debye model, quantity given by: where is the Boltzmann constant, (iso80000-1), is the reduced Planck constant (iso80000-1), and is…

12-12density of vibrational states <angular frequency>

12-12

density of vibrational states

g

m^{- 3} \cdot s

·per cubic metre second

quotient of the number of vibrational modes in an infinitesimal interval of angular frequency (iso80000-3), and the product of the width of…

12-13thermodynamic Grüneisen parameter

12-13

thermodynamic Grüneisen parameter

γ_{G}

(Γ_{G})

1

·one

quantity given by: where is cubic expansion coefficient (iso80000-5), is isothermal compressibility (iso80000-5), is specific heat capacity…

12-14Grüneisen parameter

12-14

Grüneisen parameter

γ

1

·one

quantity given by minus the partial differential quotient: where is a lattice vibration frequency (iso80000-3), and is volume (iso80000-3)

12-15mean free path of phonons

12-15.1

mean free path of phonons

l_{p}

m

·metre

average distance (iso80000-3) that phonons travel between two successive interactions

12-15.2

mean free path of electrons

l_{e}

m

·metre

average distance (iso80000-3) that electrons travel between two successive interactions

12-16energy density of states

12-16

energy density of states

n_{E} (E)

ρ (E)

J^{- 1} \cdot m^{- 3}

e V^{- 1} \cdot m^{- 3}

k g^{- 1} \cdot m^{- 5} \cdot s^{2}

·per joule cubic metre, per electronvolt cubic metre, second squared per kilogram metre to the fifth

quantity given by the differential quotient with respect to energy: where is the total number of one-electron states per volume…

12-17residual resistivity

12-17

residual resistivity

ρ_{0}

O h m \cdot m

k g \cdot m^{3} \cdot s^{- 3} \cdot A^{- 2}

·ohm metre, kilogram cubic metre per second cubed per ampere squared

for metals, the resistivity (iec80000-6) extrapolated to zero thermodynamic temperature (iso80000-5)

12-18Lorenz coefficient

12-18

Lorenz coefficient

L

\frac{V^{2}}{K^{2}}

k g^{2} \cdot m^{4} \cdot s^{- 6} \cdot A^{- 2} \cdot K^{- 2}

·volt squared per kelvin squared, kilogram squared metre to the fourth per second to the sixth per ampere squared kelvin squared

quotient of thermal conductivity (iso80000-5), and the product of electric conductivity (iec80000-6) and thermodynamic temperature…

12-19Hall coefficient

12-19

Hall coefficient

R_{H}

A_{H}

\frac{m^{3}}{C}

m^{3} \cdot s^{- 1} \cdot A^{- 1}

·cubic metre per coulomb, cubic metre per second ampere

in an isotropic conductor, relation between electric field strength, , (iec80000-6) and electric current density, , (iec80000-6) expressed…

12-20thermoelectric voltage (between substances stem:["a"] and stem:["b"])

12-20

thermoelectric voltage (between substances a and b)

E_{ab}

V

k g \cdot m^{2} \cdot s^{- 3} \cdot A^{- 1}

·volt, kilogram square metre per second cubed per ampere

voltage (iec80000-6) between substances and caused by the thermoelectric effect

12-21Seebeck coefficient (for substances stem:["a"] and stem:["b"])

12-21

Seebeck coefficient (for substances a and b)

S_{ab}

\frac{V}{K}

k g \cdot m^{2} \cdot s^{- 3} \cdot A^{- 1} \cdot K^{- 1}

·volt per kelvin, kilogram square metre per second cubed per ampere kelvin

differential quotient of thermoelectric voltage with respect to thermodynamic temperature: where is the thermoelectric voltage between…

12-22Peltier coefficient (for substances stem:["a"] and stem:["b"])

12-22

Peltier coefficient (for substances a and b)

Π_{ab}

V

k g \cdot m^{2} \cdot s^{- 3}

A^{- 1}

·volt, kilogram square metre per second cubed, per ampere

quotient of Peltier heat power (iso80000-5) developed at a junction, and the electric current (iec80000-6) flowing from substance to…

12-23Thomson coefficient

12-23

Thomson coefficient

μ

\frac{V}{K}

k g \cdot m^{2} \cdot s^{- 3} \cdot A^{- 1} \cdot K^{- 1}

·volt per kelvin, kilogram square metre per second cubed per ampere kelvin

quotient of Thomson heat power (iso80000-5) developed, and the electric current (iec80000-6) and temperature (iso80000-5) difference

12-24work function

12-24.1

work function

ϕ

J

e V

k g \cdot m^{2} \cdot s^{- 2}

·joule, electronvolt, kilogram square metre per second squared

difference between energy (iso80000-5) of an electron at rest at infinity and the Fermi energy (t12-27.1)

12-24.2

ionization energy

E_{i}

J

e V

k g \cdot m^{2} \cdot s^{- 2}

·joule, electronvolt, kilogram square metre per second squared

difference between energy (iso80000-5) of an electron at rest at infinity and a certain energy level which is the energy of an electron in…

12-25electron affinity <condensed matter physics>

12-25

electron affinity

χ

J

e V

k g \cdot m^{2} \cdot s^{- 2}

·joule, electronvolt, kilogram square metre per second squared

energy (iso80000-5) difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the lowest level of the conduction band in an…

12-26Richardson constant

12-26

Richardson constant

A

A \cdot m^{- 2} \cdot K^{- 2}

·ampere per square metre kelvin squared

parameter in the expression for the thermionic emission current density (iec80000-6) for a metal in terms of the thermodynamic temperature…

12-27Fermi energy

12-27.1

Fermi energy

E_{F}

J

e V

k g \cdot m^{2} \cdot s^{- 2}

·joule, electronvolt, kilogram square metre per second squared

in a metal, highest occupied energy level at zero thermodynamic temperature (iso80000-5), where energy level means the energy (iso80000-5)…

12-27.2

gap energy

E_{g}

J

e V

k g \cdot m^{2} \cdot s^{- 2}

·joule, electronvolt, kilogram square metre per second squared

difference in energy (iso80000-5) between the lowest level of conduction band and the highest level of valence band at zero thermodynamic…

12-28Fermi temperature

12-28

Fermi temperature

T_{F}

K

·kelvin

in the free electron model, the Fermi energy (t12-27.1) divided by the Boltzmann constant (iso80000-1)

12-29electron density

12-29.1

electron density

n

m^{- 3}

·per cubic metre

quotient of number of electrons in conduction band and volume (iso80000-3)

12-29.2

hole density

p

m^{- 3}

·per cubic metre

quotient of number of holes in valence band and volume (iso80000-3)

12-29.3

intrinsic carrier density

n_{i}

m^{- 3}

·per cubic metre

quantity given by: where is electron density (t12-29.1), and is hole density (t12-29.2)

12-29.4

donor density

n_{d}

m^{- 3}

·per cubic metre

quotient of number of donor levels and volume (iso80000-3)

12-29.5

acceptor density

n_{a}

m^{- 3}

·per cubic metre

quotient of number of acceptor levels and volume (iso80000-3)

12-30effective mass

12-30

effective mass

m *

k g

·kilogram

quantity given by: where is wavenumber (iso80000-3), is the energy (iso80000-5) of an electron in the interior of a substance, and is the…

12-31mobility ratio

12-31

mobility ratio

b

1

·one

quotient of mobilities (iso80000-10) of electrons and holes, respectively

12-32relaxation time <condensed matter>

12-32.1

relaxation time

τ

s

·second

time constant (iso80000-3) for scattering, trapping or annihilation of charge carriers, phonons or other quasiparticles

12-32.2

carrier lifetime

τ

τ_{n}

τ_{p}

s

·second

time constant (iso80000-3) for recombination or trapping of minority charge carriers in semiconductors

12-33diffusion length <condensed matter physics>

12-33

diffusion length

L

L_{n}

L_{p}

m

·metre

square root of the product of diffusion coefficient (iso80000-10) and lifetime (iso80000-10)

12-34exchange integral

12-34

exchange integral

K

J

J

e V

k g \cdot m^{2} \cdot s^{- 2}

·joule, electronvolt, kilogram square metre per second squared

constituent of the interaction energy (iso80000-5) between the spins of adjacent electrons in matter arising from the overlap of electron…

12-35Curie temperature

12-35.1

Curie temperature

T_{C}

K

·kelvin

critical thermodynamic temperature (iso80000-5) of a ferromagnet

12-35.2

Néel temperature

T_{N}

K

·kelvin

critical thermodynamic temperature (iso80000-5) of an antiferromagnet

12-35.3

superconduction transition temperature

T_{c}

K

·kelvin

critical thermodynamic temperature (iso80000-5) of a superconductor

12-36thermodynamic critical magnetic flux density

12-36.1

thermodynamic critical magnetic flux density

B_{c}

T

k g \cdot s^{- 2} \cdot A^{- 1}

·tesla, kilogram per second squared ampere

quantity given by: where and are the Gibbs energies (iso80000-5) at zero magnetic flux density (iec80000-6) in a normal conductor and…

12-36.2

lower critical magnetic flux density

B_{c1}

T

k g \cdot s^{- 2} \cdot A^{- 1}

·tesla, kilogram per second squared ampere

for type II superconductors, the threshold magnetic flux density (iec80000-6) for magnetic flux (iec80000-6) entering the superconductor

12-36.3

upper critical magnetic flux density

B_{c2}

T

k g \cdot s^{- 2} \cdot A^{- 1}

·tesla, kilogram per second squared ampere

for type II superconductors, the threshold magnetic flux density (iec80000-6) for disappearance of bulk superconductivity

12-37superconductor energy gap

12-37

superconductor energy gap

Δ

J

e V

k g \cdot m^{2} \cdot s^{- 2}

·joule, electronvolt, kilogram square metre per second squared

width of the forbidden energy band (t12-24.2) in a superconductor

12-38London penetration depth

12-38.1

London penetration depth

λ_{L}

m

·metre

distance (iso80000-3) a magnetic field penetrates the plane surface of a semi-finite superconductor according to the expression: where is…

12-38.2

coherence length

ξ

m

·metre

distance (iso80000-3) in a superconductor over which the effect of a perturbation is appreciable at zero thermodynamic temperature…

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