Instruments for continuous measurement of CO, NOx in stationary source emissions.

Instruments for continuous measurement of CO, NOx in stationary source emissions. — Metrological and technical requirements Instruments for continuous measurement of CO, NOx in stationary source emissions. Metrological and technical requirements Part 1 Часть 1 Instruments pour le mesurage continu de CO et NOx dans les émissions de sources fixes. — Exigences métrologiques et techniques Instruments pour le mesurage continu de CO et NOx dans les émissions de sources fixes. Exigences métrologiques et techniques Partie 1 OIML R 144-1144 International Organization of Legal Metrology OIML

committee International Organization of Legal Metrology Air pollution TC 16TC 16Agency International Organization of Legal Metrology International Organization of Legal Metrology OIML

committee International Organization for Standardization Air pollution TC 16TC 16ISO2en60602013 International Organization of Legal Metrology OIML

international-standardiso

OIML 144

International Standard

true

international-recommendation

2013

kelvin K

K

kPa kPa

kPa

parts per million ppm

ppm

degree Celsius °C

°C

mm mm

mm

volt per meter V m ⁻¹

V m^{- 1}

volt V

V

ampere per meter A m ⁻¹

A m^{- 1}

mass fraction mole fraction electric field strength magnetic field strength kilo k k k k milli m m m m

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OIML Publications may be downloaded from the OIML web site in the form of PDF files. Additional information on OIML Publications may be obtained from the Organisation’s headquarters:

Bureau International de Métrologie Légale
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Telephone: 33 (0)1 48 78 12 82
Fax: 33 (0)1 42 82 17 27
E-mail:
Internet: www.oiml.org

Foreword

The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) is a worldwide, intergovernmental organization whose primary aim is to harmonize the regulations and metrological controls applied by the national metrological services, or related organizations, of its Member States. The main categories of OIML publications are:

International Recommendations (OIML R), which are model regulations that establish the metrological characteristics required of certain measuring instruments and which specify methods and equipment for checking their conformity. OIML Member States shall implement these Recommendations to the greatest possible extent;
International Documents (OIML D), which are informative in nature and which are intended to harmonize and improve work in the field of legal metrology;
International Guides (OIML G), which are also informative in nature and which are intended to give guidelines for the application of certain requirements to legal metrology;
International Basic Publications (OIML B), which define the operating rules of the various OIML structures and systems; and

OIML Draft Recommendations, Documents and Guides are developed by Project Groups linked to Technical Committees or Subcommittees which comprise representatives from OIML Member States. Certain international and regional institutions also participate on a consultation basis. Cooperative agreements have been established between the OIML and certain institutions, such as ISO and the IEC, with the objective of avoiding contradictory requirements. Consequently, manufacturers and users of measuring instruments, test laboratories, etc. may simultaneously apply OIML publications and those of other institutions.

International Recommendations, Documents, Guides and Basic Publications are published in English (E) and translated into French (F) and are subject to periodic revision.

Additionally, the OIML publishes or participates in the publication of Vocabularies (OIML V) and periodically commissions legal metrology experts to write Expert Reports (OIML E). Expert Reports are intended to provide information and advice, and are written solely from the viewpoint of their author, without the involvement of a Technical Committee or Subcommittee, nor that of the CIML. Thus, they do not necessarily represent the views of the OIML.

This publication — reference OIML R 144-1:2013 (E) — was developed by OIML Technical Subcommittee TC 16/SC 1/p 1 Air pollution. It was approved for final publication by the International Committee of Legal Metrology at its 48th meeting in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, in October 2013 and will be submitted to the International Conference on Legal Metrology in 2016 for formal sanction. OIML R 144 is published in three parts: Part 1: Metrological and technical requirements, Part 2: Metrological and performance tests and Part 3 Test report format. OIML Publications may be downloaded from the OIML web site in the form of PDF files. Additional information on OIML Publications may be obtained from the Organization’s headquarters:

Bureau International de Métrologie Légale
11, rue Turgot — 75009 Paris — France
Telephone: +33 1 48 78 12 82
Fax: +33 1 42 82 17 27
E-mail:
Internet: www.oiml.org
OIML R 144-1:2013 (E)

Scope Application

This Recommendation applies to measuring instruments (hereafter referred to as “gas analytical systems”) that serve to determine the volume fraction of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), or sum of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and establishes the conditions and requirements with which such systems shall comply in order to meet the requirements for measurement results of the pollutant content in stationary source emissions within OIML Member States.

This Recommendation applies to gas analytical systems intended for measuring (analyzing) industrial emissions, and provides metrological and technical requirements for gas analytical systems, as well as means and methods for checking their normalized characteristics.

The principle of operation of gas analytical systems can be based on infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) absorption methods, chemiluminescence, electrochemistry or IR methods with correlation filters, as well as on a combination of the methods mentioned above.

This Recommendation is also applicable to analyzers that are capable of analyzing only one or two of mentioned components.

Restrictions

Gas analytical system software certification problems are beyond the scope of this Recommendation.

Terminology gas analytical system

assembly to carry out specified gas analytical measurements (

Cancelled and replaced by ISO 7504:2015.

)

In this Recommendation, a gas analytical system means a system that continuously measures the volume fraction of CO (carbon monoxide), NO (nitrogen monoxide ), NO₂ (nitrogen dioxide), or sum of nitrogen oxides (NO_x), or measures only CO or only NO and NO2, or NOx by analyzing the gas samples taken directly from the smokestack or gas pipe in industry. This system includes

a means for sampling and sample preparation (in the case of extractive sampling),
a gas analyzer,
a means for adjusting zero (gas analyzer),
a means for adjusting the gas analyzer using a calibration gas mixture,
a means for the accumulation, processing and storage of measurement results,
a means for the control and adjustment of the main components of the system,
an interface to connect devices measuring the gas flow parameters of exhaust emissions, and
gas and electric lines of communication.

sampling probe

device inserted into the gas, designed to take a representative sample thereof, to which a sample line or a sample container is connected ()

sample line

line provided to remove a representative sample of a gas to be analyzed and to transport it to the analyzer ()

A sample line may include devices such as coarse and fine filters, dryers or separators which are necessary to prepare the sample for analysis.

gas analyzer

assembly which enables qualitative and/or quantitative determinations (measurements) of substances content on the basis of their chemical or physical properties ()

A gas analyzer measures all components covered by this Recommendation (CO, NO, NO₂, or NO_x), or measures only CO, or only NO and NO₂, or NO_x.

input measurement signal

measurement signal functionally related to the measurand — the volume fraction of a component to be measured, which enters the input of a measuring instrument, a measuring channel or a separate converter component

gas handling system

all components of the gas analytical system, from the sampling probe to the tube of the gas sample outlet, through which the gas samples, including the Calibration Gas Mixture (hereafter termed “CGM”) and the zero gas, are conveyed by the pump

adjustment

set of operations carried out on a measuring system so that it provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of a quantity to be measured (3.11)

user adjustment

adjustment employing only the means at the disposal of the user

adjustment means

means allowing the adjustment of the gas analytical system by the user OIML R 144-1:2013 (E)

semi-automatic adjustment means

means allowing the user to adjust the gas analytical system without having the possibility of changing the input measurement signal, whether the automatic adjustment is required or not

For those gas analytical systems that require the calibration gas mixture to be entered manually, the adjustment means are considered to be semi-automatic.

automatic adjustment means

means which perform the adjustment of the gas analytical system as programmed without the intervention of the user, to initiate the adjustment or regulate the measurement signal

zero-setting means (of a gas analyzer)

means to set the indication of the gas analyzer to zero

means for adjustment of a gas analyzer by the calibration gas mixture

means to adjust the indication of the gas analyzer to the value of the CO, NO and NO₂ volume fraction in a CGM

internal adjustment means

means to adjust the gas analyzer without the use of a CGM

warm-up time

period of time that the gas analytical system requires from applying power to the instrument to attaining the operating mode at which the instrument will operate within the maximum permissible errors

For a gas analyzer this is the time between the instant at which power is applied to it and the instant at which the measurement result of the volume fraction, a CGM being supplied to the input, is within the permissible limits.

response time

time interval between the instant of a stepwise concentration change of the component being measured (CO, NO, NO₂ or NO_x) and the instant at which the signal reaches 90 % of its stable value

error

measured quantity value minus a reference quantity value (2.16)

intrinsic error

error of a gas analyzer, determined under reference conditions

relative error

absolute error of measurement divided by the reference value of the measurand

fault

difference between the error of indication and the intrinsic error of the measuring instrument (5.11)

Random errors presenting momentary variations in the indication but which cannot be interpreted, recorded or transmitted as measuring results are considered to be insignificant faults.

influence quantity

quantity that, in a direct measurement, does not affect the quantity that is actually measured, but that affects the relation between the indication and the measurement result (2.52)

rated operating conditions

operating conditions that must be fulfilled during measurement in order that a measuring instrument or measuring system perform as designed (4.9)

disturbance

influence quantity having a value within the limits specified in this Recommendation but outside the specified rated operating conditions of a measuring instrument (5.16)

reference condition

operating condition prescribed for evaluating the performance of a measuring instrument or measuring system or for comparison of measurement results (4.11)

checking facility

facility that is incorporated in a measuring instrument and which enables significant faults to be detected and acted upon

”Acted upon” refers to any adequate response by the measuring instrument (luminous signal, acoustic signal, prevention of the measurement process, etc.) (5.06).

gas sample

gas taken from the pipe or gas duct of the stationary source of emissions, conveyed to the gas analyzer for analysis

instrumental drift

continuous or incremental change over time in the indication, due to changes in the metrological properties of a measuring instrument (4.21)

In this Recommendation, “drift” means a change in the indication which occurs during a stated period of time at a given concentration of CO, NO and NO₂ in a sample to be analyzed.

calibration gas mixture (CGM)

stable gas mixture of known concentration (volume fraction) of a component being determined and used for periodic calibration and adjustment of the gas analyzer, as well as for tests of its metrological characteristics for compliance with the requirements of normative documents

Abbreviations

CGM

Calibration Gas Mixture

EUT

Equipment Under Test

IEC

International Electrotechnical Commission

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

MPE

Maximum Permissible Error

ppm

part per million (e.g. 1 cm3/1 m3) (

Cancelled and replaced by ISO 80000-9:2019.

, 5.3.7)

Description of the gas analytical system General

The gas analytical system consists of a means for sampling, preparation of samples, and measurement of the CO, NO, NO₂ or NO_x concentration in the pipes and gas ducts of industrial enterprises, as well as a means for conveying the gas sample through a gas handling system. The gas analyzer incorporated in the gas handling system analyzes the sample and provides a signal related to the volume fraction of the gas component being determined which arrives at the data accumulation unit where it is processed, recorded and stored.

The metrological characteristics of the gas analytical system depend on the corresponding characteristics of the units included. An example of the composition of a gas analytical system using calibration gas mixtures for its adjustment is shown in Figure 1.

Principal units

The gas analytical system in general consists of the following principle units:

sampling probe with a coarse filter, which is introduced into the pipe or gas duct of a stationary source of emissions;
heated main pipe for supplying a gas sample from the sampling probe to the input of the gas analyzer;
pump to convey the gas sample through the gas handling system;
gas flow rate measurement system, for example a rotameter, to measure the gas flow rate in the gas handling system;
condensate separator to prevent condensation in the gas handling system;
fine filter to remove dust from the gas sample, which could cause contamination of various inner parts of the gas analyzer;
electro-pneumatic valve to switch a sample to be analyzed, a calibration gas mixture or a zero gas to the input of the gas analyzer (a pipe connecting two three-way valves is intended for delivering the CGM to a sampling system through a three-way valve to estimate the absence of probe composition change);
means for adjusting zero (gas analyzer);
means for adjusting the gas analyzer by a calibration gas mixture;
gas analyzer;
means to check operation of the gas analytical system and means to adjust the units;
means for data accumulation, processing and storage.

The gas analytical system may include means to signal and record

the malfunction of the units of the gas analytical system,
the reduction of the gas amount in a cylinder required for automatic adjustment of the gas analyzer to an amount below the permissible value, and
the current value of the volume fraction being determined in the sample exceeding the maximum permissible value.

Example of the composition of a gas analytical system using calibration gas mixtures for its adjustment (for illustrative purpose only)

1: Pipe
2: Sampling probe
3: Coarse filter
4: Separator
5: Pump
6: Condensate removal
7: Fine filter
8: Electro-pneumatic valve
9: CGM cylinder
10: Filter unit in fault line (carbon filter)
11: Pressure sensor
12: Gas analyzer
13: Rotameter
14: Pump
15: Processing and information storage unit
16: Adjustment means
17: Unauthorized adjustment protection
18: Interfaces
19: Zero gas input
20: Sample output

Metrological requirements Presentation of the measurement results

The measurement results of the concentration of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in the sample shall be expressed in the units of volume fraction and reduced to reference conditions.

The reference conditions are:

temperature: $273.15 K$ 273.15 "unitsml(K)";
pressure: $101.325 kPa$ 101.325 "unitsml(kPa)".

In this Recommendation, ppm is used (9.15) for the volume fraction unit.

Measuring range

The gas analyzer shall provide measurements of a volume fraction of the components determined in the following ranges:

carbon monoxide: $10 ppm$ 10 "unitsml(ppm)" to $20000 ppm$ 20000 "unitsml(ppm)";
nitrogen monoxide: $10 ppm$ 10 "unitsml(ppm)" to $5000 ppm$ 5000 "unitsml(ppm)";
nitrogen dioxide: $10 ppm$ 10 "unitsml(ppm)" to $500 ppm$ 500 "unitsml(ppm)".

These measuring ranges may be divided into sub-ranges.

Maximum permissible errors Maximum permissible intrinsic error

For any measurement within the measuring range or sub-range (see ) under the reference conditions specified in , the MPE, positive or negative, is the larger of the two following values:

$2 ppm$ 2 "unitsml(ppm)";
5 % of the measured value.

Maximum permissible errors on verification under rated operating conditions (without dismounting the gas analytical system)

The MPE, positive or negative under the rated operating conditions specified in , may be equal to or greater than the maximum permissible intrinsic errors, taking into account the actual values of the influence quantities, but they should not exceed the larger of the two following values:

$5 ppm$ 5 "unitsml(ppm)";
10 % of the measured value.

Repeatability

An estimate of the standard deviation is used as a characteristic of repeatability (R 144-2, 1.4).The estimate of the standard deviation shall not exceed 1/3 of the maximum permissible intrinsic error () at the given point of the measuring range.

Influence quantities Rated operating conditions (for use of the gas analyzer)

temperature: $5 °C$ 5 "unitsml(degC)" to $40 °C$ 40 "unitsml(degC)";
relative humidity: up to 90 % at $25 °C$ 25 "unitsml(degC)";
atmospheric pressure: from $86 kPa$ 86 "unitsml(kPa)" to $106 kPa$ 106 "unitsml(kPa)";
supply from AC mains power:
- voltage: nominal value, with deviation from nominal value: -15 %, +10 %;
- frequency: nominal value $\pm 2 %$ pm 2 %.

If a battery is used to power the gas analyzer, the limits of power supplied shall be within the gas analyzer manufacturer’s specifications. If a current generator is used, the limits of variation of the parameters shall comply with the specifications for the mains voltage.

The above rated operating conditions for temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure may be changed to extend the ranges.

Instruments using a battery power supply should be equipped with an indicator to warn when the battery becomes discharged.

Requirements for the input gas temperature and particulate level of a sampling probe are given in and .

Influence of the gas components of emissions other than the measurand (cross sensitivity)

The indications of the gas analyzer shall not vary by more than half the absolute value of the maximum permissible intrinsic error () at the given point of the measurement range if the value of the volume fraction of the gas components other than the measurand does not exceed the maximum permissible value.

The manufacturer of the gas analytical system shall provide the list of gas components other than the measurand and their maximum permissible concentrations in the operating instructions.

Vibration

The gas analyzer shall be protected against the effects of vibration. The manufacturer shall indicate in the specifications the requirements for the vibration parameters, at which the metrological characteristics of the gas analyzer are within the permissible limits (). The minimum requirements should correspond to severity level 1 of 11.1.

The requirements for the individual units of the gas analytical system may vary.

Disturbances

The error of the gas analyzer shall lie within the permissible limits, or its failure shall be detected by the checking facility for the following disturbances:

mechanical shocks;
short time power reduction;
voltage pulses from the mains;
electrostatic discharges;
radio frequency electromagnetic fields.

The disturbance norms and test methods are described in R 144-2.

Response time

When a volume fraction of a component being determined at the input changes abruptly from 0 % to 100 %, the reading of the gas analyzer shall reach, within four minutes, a value of at least 90 %.

Warm-up time

After switching on the gas analytical system and after the warm-up time specified by the manufacturer of this system, it shall meet the metrological requirements stated in this Recommendation.

Stability with time or drift

When a gas analyzer equipped with semi-automatic adjustment means is operated in accordance with its operating instructions under stable environmental conditions, its error shall remain within the maximum permissible errors (according to ) for at least seven days from the moment of adjustment of the gas analyzer using the CGM. If the gas analyzer is equipped with a means for drift compensation, such as automatic zero correction or automatic internal adjustment, the action of these adjustments shall not produce any indication that can be confused with a measurement result of the volume fraction of the components in the analyzed sample.

Technical requirements Construction

All components of the gas handling system shall be made of corrosion resistant material. The materials used shall not influence the composition of the gas sample.

The means for sampling and sample preparation during extractive sampling shall provide for representative sampling and shall comply with .

The gas handling system shall contain a switching system to allow the zero gas, gas calibration mixtures, and gas sample to be analyzed to flow into the analyzer.

A dehydrating charcoal filter or equivalent system shall be used when ambient air is supplied as a zero gas.

The pump conveying the gas sample shall be mounted so that its vibrations do not affect the measurement result. It shall be possible for the user to turn the pump on and off separately from the other components of the gas analytical system; however, it shall not be possible to make a measurement when the pump is switched off.

It is recommended to flush the gas handling system automatically with ambient air before the pump is switched off.

The gas handling system shall be equipped with a gas flow meter, by which the user can check the measuring mode specified by the manufacturer of the gas analytical system.

The gas handling system shall be air-tight.

The gas analytical system may be equipped with an interface permitting it to be coupled to any peripheral devices or other instruments, e.g. facilities for measuring the characteristics of the flow gas in a pipe or gas duct.

The interface and peripherals coupled to it shall not affect the metrological characteristics of the gas analytical system or the measurement data obtained.

Display devices Indication range of the gas analyzer

The indication range of the display device shall be from 0.0 ppm to the maximum measuring range. In normal operation the recording device may indicate 0.0 ppm for the volume fraction of the component being determined equal to or smaller than $1 ppm$ 1 "unitsml(ppm)".

Interval and marks of analog scales

If an analog scale is fitted, the distance between the scale marks shall be at least $1.25 mm$ 1.25 "unitsml(mm)". The interval of the marks shall be smaller than or equal to 2 % of the span of the analog scale.

The thickness of the pointer shall not exceed one quarter of the distance between the scale marks. The pointer shall overlap at least one third of the shortest scale mark and shall be clearly seen.

The height of the figures shall be at least $5 mm$ 5 "unitsml(mm)" and they shall be marked in such a way that any misinterpretation is not possible.

Digital display

The height of the figures shall be at least $5 mm$ 5 "unitsml(mm)" for illuminated displays and $10 mm$ 10 "unitsml(mm)" in all other cases.

The symbol of the unit of measurement shall appear in close proximity to the figures indicating the measurement results and the characters used shall be at least $3 mm$ 3 "unitsml(mm)" in height.

When a measurement result is zero, it shall not be possible to confuse such a result with the zero indication prior to measurement.

Durable recording of measurement results

When the gas analytical system has interfaces to submit analytical data, it shall be equipped with a printing device, which prints

the date and time of measurement,
the measurement results and their units, and
the result of self-checking by means of automatic adjustment facilities.

Printed measurement results shall not differ from the measurement results provided by the indicating device.

The minimum height for the figures of the printing device is $2 mm$ 2 "unitsml(mm)".

When values of the component concentration to be determined are continuously recorded on paper, the duration of the recording shall be no less than that required for the report documentation (records) for the reporting period (e.g. 24 hours, a month, a decade, etc.) established by the legal authority.

Printouts shall remain readable for the relevant period as required by the national authority, even when exposed to daylight or equivalent lighting.

The legal authority may require that a printing device be provided. It may also require that more information appear on the printed document than requested above, e.g. the result of the volume fraction calculation during a specified period.

The printing device shall not print out the records for the reporting period if the checking facilities provide evidence of errors in excess of the maximum permissible errors, or of failures. The measurement mode shall also be prevented if no paper (or other recording medium) is available in the printing device.

Computing device

The gas analytical system may be equipped with a computing device (such as a data processing unit or a personal computer), which calculates emissions (e.g. the average emission during the specified time, etc.) and transmits their values to the printing device with an estimated uncertainty. The relevant authority shall certify the computational algorithm of the measurement results and their estimated uncertainty.

Since information about the flow rate, temperature, gas pressure and diameter of a pipe (gas duct) is necessary to calculate the stationary source emissions, such information shall be provided with the required accuracy and automatically introduced into the computing device.

Alarm system

The gas analytical system may be equipped with an alarm system that shall give an audible or visible signal when the maximum permissible unit emission specified for the given stationary source is exceeded. If an alarm system is fitted, it shall be tested.

The gas handling system shall have a device that measures or signals that the gas flow is not available or that its rate is outside the limits specified by the manufacturer.

An indication that the gas analytical system is ready for measurement shall be provided. If it is not ready, any indication on a recording device and any printing of the results on a printing device shall be prevented.

For a gas analytical system with electrochemical sensors, a warning device shall be provided to signal that the effective life of the sensors has expired. Sensors for indicating the expiry of the filters shall be fitted.

Adjustment facilities

The gas analytical system shall have adjustment facilities that provide readings for zero-setting, CGM and internal adjustment. The facilities may be manual, semi-automatic or automatic.

The internal adjustment shall neither affect the zero set, nor the instrument’s linearity and it shall not be connected with the CGM adjustment. The approach should be such that each time a calibration gas mixture is applied to the input of the gas analyser, the adjustment facilities will enable the readings to be brought into conformity with the value of the volume fraction of the component to be determined in the CGM.

The adjustment facility for zero-setting shall give negative indications near zero for certain tests or manual adjustment, if necessary.

The automatic adjustment facilities shall display or print out the results of all internal adjustments: flow rate (its deceleration), internal reference adjustment, calibration and leak immediately after switching on and then during operation with the periodicity specified by the operator.

Security of the gas analyzer operation

The technical means by which the gas analyzer is adjusted (particularly devices for adjusting the calibration with the CGM and zero-setting) shall be inaccessible to the operator or user. Access shall be possible only by entering a code, or by some other equivalent procedure.

The means used to change from one mode of operation to another shall be inaccessible to the operator or user. Access shall be possible only by entering a code, or by some other equivalent procedure.

Inscriptions/markings

All inscriptions and markings shall be made on clearly visible parts of the instruments.

The gas analyzer in the gas analytical system shall be inscribed indelibly and irremovably with the following information:

manufacturer’s trademark/corporate name;
symbolic designation of the gas analytical system;
serial number;
year of manufacture;
type approval mark;
power supply parameters (voltage, frequency, power consumption).

Each constituent part (unit) of the gas analytical system shall be inscribed with the following information:

symbolic designation of the unit;
serial number;
year of manufacture;
gas analytical system to which it belongs;
power supply parameters (voltage, frequency, power consumption).

Operating manual

The operating manual shall be in the official language(s) of the country (or another generally accepted language according to national legislation) and easily understandable. An operating manual for users shall be made available for each individual instrument.

The operating manual shall include the following information:

instructions for the correct operation of the instrument;
maximum and minimum storage temperatures;
rated operating conditions;
warm-up time after switching on the instrument/electrical power;
all other relevant mechanical and electromagnetic environmental conditions;
mechanical and electromechanical environmental classes;
safety and security conditions.

Metrological controls Type evaluation Documentation

The documentation for a gas analytical system supplied by the manufacturer when applying for type evaluation shall include the following information:

a description of its general principle of measurement;
a list of its essential components with their characteristics;
a description of its essential components with drawings and diagrams;
general information on the software used as part of the gas analytical system;
a description of the formula applied for calculation of mass emission components;
the operating manual to be provided to the user;
details and results of any testing which may have been carried out by the manufacturer.

General requirements

Type evaluation shall be carried out on at least one unit, which represents the definitive type.

External examination and tests General

The external examination and testing of a gas analytical system is intended to verify compliance with the requirements of of this Recommendation.

Where possible, tests should be carried out with a completely mounted gas analytical system. However, it is permitted to perform the test on separate units or devices of the gas analytical system if it is impossible to test the system as a whole due to its size or configuration, or when testing only the operation of that separate unit or device. Such tests can only be performed in cases where it is possible to simulate the operating conditions for that separate unit or device included in a gas analytical system.

It is not intended that separate components be dismantled for testing.

The contents and metrological characteristics of calibration gas mixtures used during type approval shall conform to those specified in .

A gas analytical system shall undergo an external examination to obtain a general appraisal of its design and construction.

When testing a gas analytical system for compliance with the requirements of of this Recommendation, the correctness of its operation shall be checked.

The operating manual for a gas analytical system shall be checked to ensure that correct procedures are clearly indicated, especially those specified in .

Initial verification General requirements

A new gas analytical system shall undergo initial verification only after type approval (depending on the legislation in each specific country). The initial verification shall be carried out using suitable testing means and calibration gas mixture.

External examination and tests

Initial verification of a gas analytical system includes an external examination to determine conformance with the approved type, and also compliance with the contents of the set of accompanying documents.

The verification procedures shall be approved by the responsible legal authority that carried out the type approval tests.

After adjusting a gas analytical system according to the routine adjustment procedure described in the operating manual, tests to determine its errors shall be carried out under rated operating conditions at several values over the measuring range.

The tests shall be performed using at least three calibration gas mixtures (CGMs) with values of the volume fractions for components to be determined that are uniformly distributed over the measurement range.

The smallest and the largest values of the volume fraction for components to be determined in a CGM shall not differ from the lower and upper values of the measurement range by more than +10 % and -10 %, respectively.

The uncertainty on the volume fraction for components to be determined in a CGM shall be such that the ratio between the absolute value of the uncertainty of the CGM and the maximum permissible error of the gas analytical system at the given point of the measurement range shall be not more than 1:3. However, the responsible legal authority may allow the ratio 1:2.

The errors observed during the tests shall be within the permissible limits according to for initial verification at each measurement.

Subsequent verification

The responsible legal authority shall provide instructions with requirements giving

the content and volume of subsequent verifications,
recalibration intervals, and
recommendations for on-line testing indicated in the operating manual.

Performance tests for type evaluation

Prior to the type evaluation tests or when specified by the manufacturer, gas analytical systems shall be calibrated against the CGM according to the operating manual procedures and under reference conditions (if not specified otherwise):

temperature: $20 °C \pm 5 °C$ 20 "unitsml(degC)" pm 5 "unitsml(degC)"
relative humidity: $60 % \pm 10 %$ 60 % pm 10 %
ambient pressure: $86 kPa$ 86 "unitsml(kPa)" to $106 kPa$ 106 "unitsml(kPa)", stable $\pm 1 kPa$ pm 1 "unitsml(kPa)"
AC mains power supply:
- voltage: nominal voltage $\pm 2 %$ pm 2 %
- frequency: nominal frequency $\pm 1 %$ pm 1 %
presence of influencing gas components: none
vibrations: none
radiated radio-frequency electromagnetic fields: $< 0.2 V m^{- 1}$ <0.2 "unitsml(V/m)"
conducted radio-frequency fields: $0.2 V emf$ 0.2 "unitsml(V)" "emf"
electrostatic discharge: none
power frequency magnetic field: $< 1 A m^{- 1}$ <1 "unitsml(A/m)"
bursts (transients) on signal, data and control lines: negligible
surges on signal, data and control lines: negligible
AC mains voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations: none
bursts (transients) on AC and DC mains power: negligible
surges on AC and DC mains power: none
low voltage of internal battery (not connected to the main power) none

Determination of the intrinsic error of the gas analyzer

This test shall be carried out according to R 144-2, 1.2, under reference conditions. During this test, the errors shall not exceed the maximum permissible intrinsic error of for any measurement.

Stability with time or drift

This test shall be carried out according to R 144-2, 1.3, under reference conditions. During this test the requirements of shall be met.

Repeatability

This test shall be carried out according to R 144-2, 1.4, under reference conditions. For 20 consecutive measurement of the same CGM, made by the same operator using the same gas analytical system during a short period of time, the standard deviation shall not exceed 1/3 of the absolute value of the maximum permissible error according to , for the relevant point of the measurement range.

Effect of influence quantities

Only one influence quantity shall be varied during a test, while all the others are maintained at their reference values.

Environmental conditions and electrical supply

The reading of the gas analytical system shall remain within the maximum permissible error specified in during the following tests covering the rated operating conditions defined in :

dry heat: ……………….. R 144-2, 1.5
cold: …………………….. R 144-2, 1.6
damp heat, steady state: ……………….. R 144-2, 1.7
atmospheric pressure: ………………….. R 144-2, 1.8
power supply variations: ……………….. R 144-2, 1.9

Influence of gas components other than the measurand (cross sensitivity)

This test shall be carried out under reference conditions. During this test (R 144-2, 1.10) the volume fraction of gas components other than the measurand in CGM shall correspond to that specified in . The absolute value of the variation of the reading shall not exceed the value given in .

Vibration stability of the gas analytical system

This test shall be carried out under reference conditions. During this test (R 144-2, 1.11.1) the absolute value of the reading variation shall not exceed the value given in the operating manual.

Disturbances

The MPE of the gas analytical system shall be in compliance with . Significant faults shall be detected and fixed by means of checking facilities during the following tests, carried out to verify the requirements of under rated operating conditions (as specified in ):

mechanical shocks: …………………………… R 144-2, 1.11.2;
short time power reduction: …………………… R 144-2, 1.12;
bursts from the mains (transients): …………… R 144-2, 1.13;
electrostatic discharges: …………………….. R 144-2, 1.14;
radio frequency electromagnetic fields: ………… R 144-2, 1.15.

Other important technical requirements

The gas analytical system shall be tested for conformity to the following requirements:

warm-up time: …………………………………….. according to 4.7 and R 144-2, 1.16;
response time: ……………………………………. according to 4.6 and R 144-2, 1.17;
change in the gas flow rate (in a gas handling system): .. according to 5.1.5, 5.5.2 and R 144-2, 1.18;
leakproofness of the gas handling system: ……………. according to 5.1.6, 5.5.2 and R 144-2, 1.19.

Temperature of input gas

The temperature of the input gas for a sampling probe shall be specified by the manufacturer of a sampling device.

The temperature of the input gas for a gas analyzer shall be specified by the manufacturer of a gas analyzer.

Particulate content

The maximum particulate content of the input gas for a sampling probe shall be specified by its manufacturer.

The maximum particulate content of the input gas for a gas analyzer shall be specified by its manufacturer.

Designation of calibration gas mixtures and their composition General requirements

The CGM shall be supplied either from a gas cylinder under pressure or from a gas mixture generator.

Each gas cylinder shall be identified with the following information (included as a mark, label, and/or certificate):
- manufacturer of the gas cylinder and serial number;
- composition of the gas mixture;
- amount of substance of each component and the corresponding measurement uncertainty ( $k = 2$ k=2);
- statement about the traceability of the measurement results to accepted (inter)national gaseous measurement standards;
- temperature limits for use and storage;
- date of certification and expiry date;
- name of the authority that carried out the certification;
- the marking “calibration gas mixture”; and
- the method of preparation: gravimetric according to
  Cancelled and replaced by ISO 6142-1:2015.
  and .
The gases obtained from the gas mixture generator using the dynamic method shall meet the requirements of
Cancelled and replaced by ISO 6145-1:2019.
and in addition the requirements of B.1.2, B.2 and B.1.1.a) concerning amount of substance, measurement uncertainty and accepted (inter)national traceability to gaseous measurement standards.

The composition of the CGM used for type approval and verification shall be certified as complying with the requirements of B.2 by a competent authority. The unit of volume fraction for the components to be determined shall be traceable to national, regional or international standards.

For all other purposes the CGMs (except those indicated in B.1.2) shall be certified by the supplier of the gases and shall be traceable to the appropriate measurement standards.

For testing with the purpose of determining errors, three binary gas mixtures with a volume fraction of the components to be determined, corresponding to the range points of (5 + 5) %, (50 + 5) % and (95 — 5) %, are used.

For cross sensitivity testing, the gas mixtures with the maximum content of influencing components, other than the measurand are used.

It is permitted to use the three-component mixtures $CO + NO + N_{2}$ "CO" + "NO" + "N"_2 and $CO + {NO}_{2} + N_{2}$ "CO" + "NO"_2 + "N"_2.

The material of gas cylinders shall be inert to the gases contained therein.

The appropriate safety regulations shall be followed when handling the gases.

Characteristics and uncertainties of the composition of the gas mixtures

The volume fraction for the components to be determined in N₂ in cylinders or in a gas mixture obtained from the generator shall be given in parts per million (ppm) (see ).

The blend tolerances of the calibration gas mixtures shall not exceed 10 % of the volume fraction of each component.

For calibration gas mixtures the uncertainty in the composition shall be 2 % or less of the certified (assigned) value of the volume fraction for the components to be determined. The composition of other gas mixture components shall have an uncertainty of no more than 3 %.

Zero-setting

Ambient air shall be drawn through a charcoal filter or equivalent system when it is used to set zero for the gas analytical system. High pure nitrogen can be also used directly to set zero.

Bibliography 2026-04-16 Gas analysis Preparation of calibration gas mixtures Gravimetric method Gas analysis — Preparation of calibration gas mixtures — Gravimetric method https://www.iso.org/standard/24663.html https://www.iso.org/contents/data/standard/02/46/24663.detail.rss ISO 6142:2001 ISO 6142:2001(E) urn:iso:std:iso:6142:stage-95.99 6142 2001-04 International Organization for Standardization ISO www.iso.org 2

Cancelled and replaced by ISO 6142-1:2015.

en fr L’ISO 6142:2001 spécifie une méthode gravimétrique de préparation des mélanges de gaz pour étalonnage dans des bouteilles dont l’exactitude de la composition a été prédéfinie. Elle est applicable uniquement aux mélanges de composants gazeux ou totalement vaporisés qui ne réagissent pas entre eux ou au contact des parois de bouteilles. Un mode opératoire pour une méthode de préparation est fourni avec un certain nombre d’exigences à respecter pour que la composition finale des mélanges gazeux se situe dans les niveaux d’incertitude préétablis. Les mélanges gazeux à plusieurs constituants (y compris le gaz naturel) et les mélanges à dilution multiple sont inclus dans l’ISO 6142:2001 et sont considérés comme des cas particuliers de la méthode de préparation gravimétrique à un seul constituant. L’ISO 6142:2001 décrit également la méthode de vérification de la composition des gaz pour étalonnage préparés par voie gravimétrique. Sous réserve de l’adoption, au cours de la préparation et de la validation de ces mélanges gazeux gravimétriques, de procédures rigoureuses et exhaustives d’assurance et de contrôle de la qualité, des gaz pour étalonnage de haute exactitude peuvent être obtenus pour une large gamme de mélanges gazeux, en comparaison avec d’autres méthodes de préparation pour ces mêmes gaz. 95 99 2001 ISO ISO 6142:1981 ISO 6142:1981 ISO 6142:1981/Add 1:1983 ISO 6142:1981/Add 1:1983 ISO 6142-1:2015 ISO 6142-1:2015 2015-08-04 ISO 6142:2001/Amd 1:2009 ISO 6142:2001/Amd 1:2009 2015-08-04 Geneva 2026-04-16 Gas analysis Comparison methods for determining and checking the composition of calibration gas mixtures Gas analysis — Comparison methods for determining and checking the composition of calibration gas mixtures https://www.iso.org/standard/24665.html https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#!iso:std:24665:en https://www.iso.org/contents/data/standard/02/46/24665.detail.rss ISO 6143:2001 ISO 6143:2001(E) urn:iso:std:iso:6143:stage-90.92 6143 2001-06 International Organization for Standardization ISO www.iso.org 2 en fr This International Standard provides methods for _ determining the composition of a calibration gas mixture by comparison with appropriate reference gas mixtures, _ calculating the uncertainty of the composition of a calibration gas mixture in relation to the known uncertainty of the composition of the reference gas mixtures with which it was compared, _ checking the composition attributed to a calibration gas mixture by comparison with appropriate reference gas mixtures, _ comparing the composition of several calibration gas mixtures, e.g. for the purpose of comparing different methods of gas mixture preparation, or for testing consistency among gas mixtures of closely related composition. NOTE In principle, the method described in this document is also applicable to the analysis of (largely) unknown samples instead of prospective calibration gas mixtures (i.e. gas mixtures which are intended for use as calibration gas mixtures). Such applications, however, require appropriate care and consideration of additional uncertainty components, for example concerning the effect of matrix differences between the reference gases used for calibration and the analysed sample. 90 92 2001 ISO ISO 6143:1981 ISO 6143:1981 ISO/DIS 6143 ISO/DIS 6143 Geneva 2026-04-16 Gas analysis Preparation of calibration gas mixtures using dynamic volumetric methods Part 1: Methods of calibration Gas analysis — Preparation of calibration gas mixtures using dynamic volumetric methods — Part 1: Methods of calibration https://www.iso.org/standard/24667.html https://www.iso.org/contents/data/standard/02/46/24667.detail.rss ISO 6145-1:2003 ISO 6145-1:2003(E) urn:iso:std:iso:6145:-1:stage-95.99 6145 2003-11 International Organization for Standardization ISO www.iso.org 2

Cancelled and replaced by ISO 6145-1:2019.

en fr ISO 6145-1:2003 specifies the calibration methods involved in the preparation of gas mixtures by dynamic volumetric techniques. It also gives a brief presentation of a non-exhaustive list of examples of dynamic volumetric techniques which are described in more detail in other parts of ISO 6145. 95 99 2003 ISO ISO 6145-1:1986 ISO 6145-1:1986 ISO 6145-1:2019 ISO 6145-1:2019 2019-09-02 Geneva 2026-04-16 Gas analysis Vocabulary Gas analysis — Vocabulary https://www.iso.org/standard/24662.html https://www.iso.org/contents/data/standard/02/46/24662.detail.rss ISO 7504:2001 ISO 7504:2001(E) urn:iso:std:iso:7504:stage-95.99 7504 2001-11 International Organization for Standardization ISO www.iso.org 2

Cancelled and replaced by ISO 7504:2015.

en fr 95 99 2001 ISO ISO 7504:1984 ISO 7504:1984 ISO 7504:2015 ISO 7504:2015 2015-05-11 Geneva 2026-04-16 Stationary source emissions Sampling for the automated determination of gas emission concentrations for permanently-installed monitoring systems Stationary source emissions — Sampling for the automated determination of gas emission concentrations for permanently-installed monitoring systems https://www.iso.org/standard/39508.html https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#!iso:std:39508:en https://www.iso.org/contents/data/standard/03/95/39508.detail.rss ISO 10396:2007 ISO 10396:2007(E) urn:iso:std:iso:10396:stage-90.93 10396 2007-02 International Organization for Standardization ISO www.iso.org 2 en fr ISO 10396:2007 specifies procedures and equipment that will permit, within certain limits, representative sampling for the automated determination of gas concentrations of effluent gas streams. The application is limited to the determination of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), or the sum of NO and NO2 as nitrogen oxides. 90 93 2007 ISO ISO 10396:1993 ISO 10396:1993 Geneva 2026-04-16 Quantities and units Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics https://www.iso.org/standard/31894.html https://www.iso.org/contents/data/standard/03/18/31894.detail.rss ISO 80000-9:2009 ISO 80000-9:2009(E) urn:iso:std:iso:80000:-9:stage-95.99 80000 2009-04 International Organization for Standardization ISO www.iso.org 1

Cancelled and replaced by ISO 80000-9:2019.

en fr ISO 80000-9:2009 gives names, symbols, and definitions for quantities and units of physical chemistry and molecular physics. Where appropriate, conversion factors are also given. 95 99 2009 ISO ISO 31-8:1992 ISO 31-8:1992 ISO 31-8:1992/Amd 1:1998 ISO 31-8:1992/Amd 1:1998 ISO 80000-9:2019 ISO 80000-9:2019 2019-08-26 ISO 80000-9:2009/Amd 1:2011 ISO 80000-9:2009/Amd 1:2011 2019-08-26 Geneva 2026-04-16 Basic environmental testing procedures Part 2-17: Tests Test Q: Sealing Basic environmental testing procedures — Part 2-17: Tests — Test Q: Sealing https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/508 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60068-2-17{ed4.0}b.img.pdf IEC 60068-2-17:1994 urn:iec:std:iec:60068-2-17:1994-07::: 1994-07-07 2023-06-28 2023-06-28 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 4 en fr es Includes a number of tests which use different conditioning procedures appropriate for different application. REVISED 1994 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Environmental testing Part 2-1: Tests Test A: Cold Environmental testing — Part 2-1: Tests — Test A: Cold https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/502 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60068-2-1{ed6.0}b.pdf https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60068-2-1{ed6.0}en_d.pdf https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60068-2-1{ed6.0}fr_d.pdf IEC 60068-2-1:2007 urn:iec:std:iec:60068-2-1:2007-03::: 2007-03-13 2025-09-23 2025-09-23 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 6 en fr es IEC 60068-2-1:2007 Deals with cold tests applicable to both non heat-dissipating and heat-dissipating specimens. For non heat-dissipating specimens, Tests Ab and Ad do not deviate essentially from earlier issues. Test Ae has been added primarily for testing equipment that requires being operational throughout the test, including the conditioning periods. The object of the cold test is limited to the determination of the ability of components, equipment or other articles to be used, transported or stored at low temperature. Cold tests cover by this standard do not enable the ability of specimens to withstand or operate during the temperature variations to be assessed. In this case, it would be necessary to use IEC 60068-2-14. The cold tests are subdivided as follows:
- Cold tests for non heat-dissipating specimens: * with gradual change of temperature, Ab;
- Cold test for heat-dissipating specimens: * with gradual change of temperature, Ad,
* with gradual change of temperature, specimen powered throughout, Ae.
The procedures given in this standard are normally intended for specimens that achieve temperature stability during the performance of the test procedure. Temperature chamber(s) are constructed and verified in accordance with specifications IEC 60068-3-5 and IEC 60068-3-7. Further guidance for dry heat and cold tests can be found in IEC 60068-3-1 and general guidance in IEC 60068-1. This sixth edition deals with cold tests applicable both to non heat-dissipating and heat-dissipating specimens. For non heat-dissipating specimens, Tests Ab and Ad do not deviate essentially from earlier issues. Test Ae has been added primary for testing equipment that requires being operational throughout the test including the conditioning periods. REVISED 2007 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Environmental testing Part 2-2: Tests Test B: Dry heat Environmental testing — Part 2-2: Tests — Test B: Dry heat https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/510 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60068-2-2{ed5.0}b.pdf IEC 60068-2-2:2007 urn:iec:std:iec:60068-2-2:2007-07::: 2007-07-16 2025-09-23 2025-09-23 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 5 en fr es IEC 60068-2-2:2007 Deals with dry heat tests applicable both to heat-dissipating and non heat-dissipating specimens. For non heat-dissipating specimens, Tests Bb and Bd do not deviate essentially from earlier issues. The object of the dry heat test is limited to the determination of the ability of components, equipment or other articles to be used, transported or stored at high temperature. These dry heat tests do not enable the ability of specimens to withstand or operate during the temperature variations to be assessed. In this case, it would be necessary to use IEC 60068-2-14 Test N: Change of temperature. The dry heat tests are subdivided as follows:
- Dry heat test for non heat-dissipating specimens with gradual change of temperature, Bb.
- Dry heat tests for heat-dissipating specimens with gradual change of temperature, Bd;
with gradual change of temperature, specimen powered throughout, Be. The procedures given in this standard are normally intended for specimens that achieve temperature stability during the performance of the test procedure. The main changes from the previous edition are as follows: Tests Ba and Bc have been deleted since they were more severe tests than Test Nb, IEC 60068-2-14: Change of temperature. Secondly it was considered justified to delete the 3 % value on the temperature difference between the chamber air and the wall temperatures. Thirdly it is proposed that the test specimen be powered throughout the test where required; and, finally, the annexes have been removed. REVISED 2007 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Environmental testing Part 2-31: Tests Test Ec: Rough handling shocks, primarily for equipment-type specimens Environmental testing — Part 2-31: Tests — Test Ec: Rough handling shocks, primarily for equipment-type specimens https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/516 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60068-2-31{ed2.0}b.pdf IEC 60068-2-31:2008 urn:iec:std:iec:60068-2-31:2008-05::: 2008-05-21 2030-12-31 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 2 en fr es IEC 60068-2-31:2008 deals with a test procedure for simulating the effects of rough handling shocks, primarily in equipment-type specimens, the effects of knocks, jolts and falls which may be received during repair work or rough handling in operational use. This procedure does not simulate the effects of impacts received during transportation as loosely constrained cargo. Where the effects of loose cargo transportation are to be assessed, test Ee: Bounce should be used. Also this procedure does not simulate the effects of shock applied to installed equipments. Where this effect is to be assessed refer to test Ea: Shock. Testing should only be specified for equipment likely to receive such rough handling, for example those of small to medium size and mass, and should only be applied to those faces and corners where there is a risk of such treatment being encountered. In general, equipment which is frequently handled and serviced (for example field equipment and unit spares) can be considered at risk, whereas equipment forming an integral part of a permanent installation would not normally be considered at risk and need not be tested. Testing may not be applicable to fragile unprotected equipment of irregular shape (for example aircraft nose radar) which, when removed from the installation would be contained in a handling frame or jig. It may however be applicable to these items of equipment when they are in their transit case or in their handling frame or jig. For equipment which stands only on one face (for example the normal base) the test is generally only applied to that face. Shock tests are performed on the specimen when fixed to the test machine. Drop and topple, free fall, repeated free fall and bounce tests are performed with the specimen free. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 1969 and constitutes a technical revision. The major changes with regard to the previous edition concern the introduction of soft packaging tests, where appropriate. This new edition of IEC 60068-2-31 now incorporates the second edition of IEC 60068-2-32 (1975). PUBLISHED 2008 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Environmental testing Part 2-47: Test Mounting of specimens for vibration, impact and similar dynamic tests Environmental testing — Part 2-47: Test — Mounting of specimens for vibration, impact and similar dynamic tests https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/533 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60068-2-47{ed3.0}b.pdf IEC 60068-2-47:2005 urn:iec:std:iec:60068-2-47:2005-04::: 2005-04-13 2029-12-31 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 3 en fr es Provides methods for mounting products, whether packaged or unpackaged, as well as mounting requirements for equipment and other articles, for the series of dynamic tests in IEC 60068-2, that is impact (Test E), vibration (Test F) and acceleration, steady-state (Test G). When they are fastened to the test apparatus and subjected to these tests, whether packaged or unpackaged, they are referred to as specimens. The major technical changes with regard to the second edition are related to specific guidance on the testing of packaged products. PUBLISHED 2005 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Environmental testing Part 2-64: Tests Test Fh: Vibration, broadband random and guidance Environmental testing — Part 2-64: Tests — Test Fh: Vibration, broadband random and guidance https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/547 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60068-2-64{ed2.0}b.pdf IEC 60068-2-64:2008 urn:iec:std:iec:60068-2-64:2008-04::: 2008-04-29 2026-12-31 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 2 en fr es IEC 60068-2-64:2008 demonstrates the adequacy of specimens to resist dynamic loads without unacceptable degradation of its functional and/or structural integrity when subjected to the specified random vibration test requirements. Broadband random vibration may be used to identify accumulated stress effects and the resulting mechanical weakness and degradation in the specified performance. This information, in conjunction with the relevant specification, may be used to assess the acceptability of specimens. This standard is applicable to specimens which may be subjected to vibration of a stochastic nature resulting from transportation or operational environments, for example in aircraft, space vehicles and land vehicles. It is primarily intended for unpackaged specimens, and for items in their transportation container when the latter may be considered as part of the specimen itself. However, if the item is packaged, then the item itself is referred to as a product and the item and its packaging together are referred to as a test specimen. This standard may be used in conjunction with IEC 60068-2-47:2005, for testing packaged products. If the specimens are subjected to vibration of a combination of random and deterministic nature resulting from transportation or real life environments, for example in aircraft, space vehicles and for items in their transportation container, testing with pure random may not be sufficient. See IEC 60068-3-8:2003 for estimating the dynamic vibration environment of the specimen and based on that, selecting the appropriate test method. The major changes with regard to the previous edition concern the removal of Method 1 and Method 2, replaced by a single method, and replacement of Annex A with suggested test spectra and removal of Annex C. Also included in this revision is the testing of soft packed specimens. PUBLISHED 2008 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Environmental testing Part 2-78: Tests Test Cab: Damp heat, steady state Environmental testing — Part 2-78: Tests — Test Cab: Damp heat, steady state https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/560 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60068-2-78{ed2.0}b.pdf IEC 60068-2-78:2012 urn:iec:std:iec:60068-2-78:2012-10::: 2012-10-30 2025-08-06 2025-08-06 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 2 en fr es IEC 60068-2-78:2012 establishes a test method for determining the ability of components or equipment to withstand transportation, storage and use under conditions of high humidity. The object of this standard is to investigate the effect of high humidity at constant temperature without condensation on a specimen over a prescribed period. It is applicable to small equipment or components as well as large equipment, and can be applied to both heat-dissipating and non-heat-dissipating specimens. This second edition cancels and replaced the first edition, published in 2001 and constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes editorial and format changes with respect to the previous edition:
- The test chamber from IEC 60068-3-6 has been introduced. REVISED 2012 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Environmental testing Part 3-1: Supporting documentation and guidance Cold and dry heat tests Environmental testing — Part 3-1: Supporting documentation and guidance — Cold and dry heat tests https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/566 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60068-3-1{ed2.0}b.pdf IEC 60068-3-1:2011 urn:iec:std:iec:60068-3-1:2011-08::: 2011-08-19 2023-06-29 2023-06-29 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 2 en fr es IEC 60068-3-1:2011 provides guidance regarding the performance of cold and dry heat tests. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 1974, and constitutes a technical revision. The main changes with regard to the previous edition are as follows:
- removal of guidance regarding thermal characteristics of chamber walls;
- revision of sections that address environmental chambers that do not use movement of air for temperature control. REVISED 2011 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Environmental testing Part 3-4: Supporting documentation and guidance Damp heat tests Environmental testing — Part 3-4: Supporting documentation and guidance — Damp heat tests https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/571 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60068-3-4{ed1.0}b.pdf IEC 60068-3-4:2001 urn:iec:std:iec:60068-3-4:2001-08::: 2001-08-28 2023-06-29 2023-06-29 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 1 en fr es IEC 60068-3-4:2001 Provides the necessary information to assist in preparing relevant specifications, such as standards for components or equipment, in order to select appropriate tests and test severities for specific products and, in some cases, specific types of application. The object of damp heat tests is to determine the ability of products to withstand the stresses occurring in a high relative humidity environment, with or without condensation, and with special regard to variations of electrical and mechanical characteristics. Damp heat tests may also be utilized to check the resistance of a specimen to some forms of corrosion attack. REVISED 2001 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Environmental testing Part 3-8: Supporting documentation and guidance Selecting amongst vibration tests Environmental testing — Part 3-8: Supporting documentation and guidance — Selecting amongst vibration tests https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/575 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60068-3-8{ed1.0}b.pdf IEC 60068-3-8:2003 urn:iec:std:iec:60068-3-8:2003-08::: 2003-08-28 2028-12-31 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 1 en fr es Provides guidance for selecting amongst the IEC 60068-2 stationary vibration test methods Fc sinusoidal, Fh random and F(x) Mixed mode vibration. The different steady-state test methods and their aims are briefly described in Clause 4. Transient test methods are not included. For vibration testing, the environmental conditions, especially the dynamic conditions for the specimen, should be known. This standard helps to collect information about the environmental conditions (Clause 5), to estimate or measure the dynamic conditions (Clause 6) and gives examples to enable decisions to be made on the most applicable environmental vibration test method. Starting from the condition, the method of selecting the appropriate test is given. Since real life vibration conditions are dominated by vibration of a random nature, random testing should be the commonly used method, see Table 1, Clause 7. The methods included hereafter may be used to examine the vibration response of a specimen under test before, during and after vibration testing. The selection for the appropriate excitation method is described in Clause 8 and tabulated in Table 2. In this standard specification, writers will find information concerning vibration test methods and guidance for their selection. For guidance on test parameters, or severities of one of the test methods, reference should be made to the normative references. PUBLISHED 2003 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-11: Testing and measurement techniques Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4-11: Testing and measurement techniques — Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/4162 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61000-4-11{ed2.0}b.pdf https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61000-4-11{ed2.0}en_d.pdf https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61000-4-11{ed2.0}fr_d.pdf IEC 61000-4-11:2004 urn:iec:std:iec:61000-4-11:2004-03::: 2004-03-24 2020-01-28 2020-01-28 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 2 en fr es This part of IEC 61000 defines the immunity test methods and range of preferred test levels for electrical and electronic equipment connected to low-voltage power supply networks for voltage dips, short interruptions, and voltage variations. This standard applies to electrical and electronic equipment having a rated input current not exceeding 16 A per phase, for connection to 50 Hz or 60 Hz a.c. networks. It does not apply to electrical and electronic equipment for connection to 400 Hz a.c. networks. Tests for these networks will be covered by future IEC standards. The object of this standard is to establish a common reference for evaluating the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1994 and its amendment 1 (2000). This second edition constitutes a technical revision in which 1) preferred test values and durations have been added for the different environment classes; 2) the tests for the three-phase systems have been specified. It has the status of a Basic EMC Publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107. The contents of the interpretation sheet 1 of August 2010 have been included in this copy. REVISED 2004 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-2: Testing and measurement techniques Electrostatic discharge immunity test Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4-2: Testing and measurement techniques — Electrostatic discharge immunity test https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/4189 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61000-4-2{ed2.0}b.pdf IEC 61000-4-2:2008 urn:iec:std:iec:61000-4-2:2008-12::: 2008-12-09 2025-03-07 2025-03-07 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 2 en fr es IEC 61000-4-2:2008 relates to the immunity requirements and test methods for electrical and electronic equipment subjected to static electricity discharges, from operators directly, and from personnel to adjacent objects. It additionally defines ranges of test levels which relate to different environmental and installation conditions and establishes test procedures. The object of IEC 61000-4-2:2008 is to establish a common and reproducible basis for evaluating the performance of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to electrostatic discharges. In addition, it includes electrostatic discharges which may occur frompersonnel to objects near vital equipment. IEC 61000-4-2:2008 defines typical waveform of the discharge current, range of test levels, test equipment, test setup, test procedure, calibration procedure and measurement uncertainty. IEC 61000-4-2:2008 gives specifications for test performed in;laboratories; and;post-installation tests; performed on equipment in the final installation. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1995, its amendment 1 (1998) and its amendment 2 (2000) and constitutes a technical revision. It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107. The main changes with respect to the first edition of this standard and its amendments are the following:
- the specifications of the target have been extended up to 4 GHz. An example of target matching these requirements is also provided;
- information on radiated fields from human-metal discharge and from ESD generators is provided;
- measurement uncertainty considerations with examples of uncertainty budgets are given too. REVISED 2008 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-3 : Testing and measurement techniques Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4-3 : Testing and measurement techniques — Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/4209 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61000-4-3{ed3.0}b.pdf IEC 61000-4-3:2006 urn:iec:std:iec:61000-4-3:2006-02::: 2006-02-07 2020-09-08 2020-09-08 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 3 en fr es Is applicable to the immunity requirements of electrical and electronic equipment to radiated electromagnetic energy. It establishes test levels and the required test procedures. The object of this standard is to establish a common reference for evaluating the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to radiated, radio-frequency electromagnetic fields. The test method documented in this part of IEC 61000 describes a consistent method to assess the immunity of an equipment or system against a defined phenomenon. This part deals with immunity tests related to the protection against RF electromagnetic fields from any source. Particular considerations are devoted to the protection against radio-frequency emissions from digital radiotelephones and other RF emitting devices. It has the status of a basic EMC publication. REVISED 2006 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-4: Testing and measurement techniques Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4-4: Testing and measurement techniques — Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/4222 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61000-4-4{ed3.0}b.pdf IEC 61000-4-4:2012 urn:iec:std:iec:61000-4-4:2012-04::: 2012-04-30 2026-12-31 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 3 en fr es IEC 61000-4-4:2012 relates to the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment to repetitive electrical fast transients. It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107. It gives immunity requirements and test procedures related to electrical fast transients/bursts. It additionally defines ranges of test levels and establishes test procedures. The object of this standard is to establish a common and reproducible reference in order to evaluate the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to electrical fast transient/bursts on supply, signal, control and earth ports. The test method documented in this standard describes a consistent method to assess the immunity of an equipment or system against a defined phenomenon. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2004 and its amendment 1 (2010). It constitutes a technical revision which improves and clarifies simulator specifications, test criteria and test setups. PUBLISHED 2012 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-5: Testing and measurement techniques Surge immunity test Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4-5: Testing and measurement techniques — Surge immunity test https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/18782 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61000-4-5{ed2.0}b.pdf https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61000-4-5{ed2.0}en_d.pdf https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61000-4-5{ed2.0}fr_d.pdf IEC 61000-4-5:2005 urn:iec:std:iec:61000-4-5:2005-11::: 2005-11-29 2014-05-15 2014-05-15 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 2 en fr es IEC 61000-4-5:2005 relates to the immunity requirements, test methods, and range of recommended test levels for equipment to unidirectional surges caused by overvoltages from switching and lightning transients. Several test levels are defined which relate to different environment and installation conditions. These requirements are developed for and are applicable to electrical and electronic equipment. The object of this standard is to establish a common reference for evaluating the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to surges. The test method documented in this part of IEC 61000 describes a consistent method to assess the immunity of an equipment or system against a defined phenomenon. This standard defines:
- a range of test levels;
- test equipment;
- test setups;
- test procedures.
The task of the described laboratory test is to find the reaction of the EUT under specified operational conditions, to surge voltages caused by switching and lightning effects at certain threat levels.It is not intended to test the capability of the EUT’s insulation to withstand high-voltage stress. Direct injections of lightning currents, i.e, direct lightning strikes, are not considered in this standard. It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107.
The contents of the corrigendum of October 2009 have been included in this copy. REVISED 2005 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva 2026-04-16 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-6: Testing and measurement techniques Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4-6: Testing and measurement techniques — Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/4224 https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec61000-4-6{ed4.0}b.pdf IEC 61000-4-6:2013 urn:iec:std:iec:61000-4-6:2013-10::: 2013-10-23 2023-06-06 2023-06-06 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch 4 en fr es IEC 61000-4-6:2013 relates to the conducted immunity requirements of electrical and electronic equipment to electromagnetic disturbances coming from intended radio-frequency (RF) transmitters in the frequency range 150 kHz up to 80 MHz. Equipment not having at least one conducting wire and/or cable (such as mains supply, signal line or earth connection) which can couple the equipment to the disturbing RF fields is excluded from the scope of this publication. The object of this standard is to establish a common reference for evaluating the functional immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to conducted disturbances induced by RF fields. The test method documented in IEC 61000-4-6:2013 describes a consistent method to assess the immunity of an equipment or system against a defined phenomenon. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2008 and constitutes a technical revision. It includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- use of the CDNs;
- calibration of the clamps;
- reorganization of Clause 7 on test setup and injection methods;
- Annex A which is now dedicated to EM and decoupling clamps;
- Annex G which now addresses the measurement uncertainty of the voltage test level;
- and informative Annexes H, I and J which are new. The contents of the corrigendum of June 2015 have been included in this copy. REVISED 2013 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC www.iec.ch Geneva International vocabulary of terms in legal metrology (VIML) OIML V 1:2012 1 2012 en International Vocabulary of Metrology — Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM) OIML V 2:2012 2 2012 en Système International des Unités (SI) 8th Edition:2006, Bureau International de Poids et Mesures SI 8th Edition:2006 8th Edition 2006 en General requirements for electronic measuring instruments OIML D 11:2013 11 2013 en