Vertical layout rendering

Vertical layout rendering 1111112024-10-25 Ribose Asia Limited Ribose Ribose Asia Limited Ribose12024-10-25endraft2024 Ribose Asia Limited Ribosestandardribose

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Warning for Drafts

This document is not a Ribose Standard. It is distributed for review and comment, and is subject to change without notice and may not be referred to as a Standard. Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from the address below.

Ribose Asia Limited

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www.ribose.com

Introduction

This specification defines a markup syntax for encoding Han-script documents with semantic annotations, called Hanodoc.

Hanodoc is designed according to the following principles:

Human-readable
Input-friendly across devices
Compatible with existing text systems
Minimalistic in non-display syntax
Unambiguous in parsing
Preserving original text semantics
Preserving original text features

Scope

This specification covers the following aspects of the Hanodoc syntax:

Basic syntax structure
Delimiter selection
Text structure
Commentary and annotation
Editorial marks

Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

delimiter

A delimiter is a sequence of characters that marks the beginning and end of a section of text or a semantic unit.

markup

Markup is a set of symbols and rules used to annotate text with semantic information.

semantic annotation

Semantic annotation is the process of adding metadata to text to provide additional information about its meaning.

Symbol selection Selection principles

The selection of symbols for markup delimiters is based on their availability across different platforms and systems.

The following principles guide the selection of delimiting symbol patterns:

Minimal typing effort for common markup. This means that the symbols accessible to the current language keyboard should be used for markup.
Avoidance of conflict with existing text symbols used for content expressions. The selected symbols should not be commonly used in the text for other purposes, for example, the use of ASCII parentheses by themselves as delimiters would clash with their use in textual expressions.
Compatibility with existing textual markup. The selected symbols should be compatible with existing text markup systems and not interfere with their operation. For example, the use of double angle brackets would conflict with the use of angle brackets in AsciiDoc.
Prioritize symbols that are universally available and easy-to-type combinations over more complex or less common symbols.
Minimize ambiguity in expression. Which also minimizes ambiguity for parsing and reduces the need for escaping symbols in the text. For example, the use of using different delimiter symbol sequences as beginning and ending delimiters facilitates encoding and parsing.
All features should be accessible on standard keyboards. ASCII symbols are available on all platform language keyboard configurations, and is selected as the basic syntax.
Compatibility of semantics across language-specific symbols. For example, the meaning of the full-width equal sign in markup should be equal to the ASCII equal sign.

Symbol availability

The following platforms and language keyboard combinations are considered for symbol availability.

Symbols available on platforms and language keyboards:

The backtick (U+0060) is excluded from the list of symbols as it is used to enclose code blocks in AsciiDoc.

Language	Platform	Keystrokes to access	Symbols
English	macOS	0	`=\[],./;'\-`
		1 (Shift)	`!@#$%^&*()~+{}<>?:"\|_`
		1 (Alt)	`¡™£¢¢∞§¶•ˆªº–≠æ…≤≥÷“‘`
		1 (Alt+Shift)	`±⁄€‹›ﬁﬂ‡°·‚—»ÚÆ¯˘¿”’`
	Windows (TODO: check Windows)	0	`=\`[],./;’\-`
		1 (Shift)	`!@#$%^&*()~+{}<>?:"\|_`
		1 (Alt)	`¡¿¤€¥«»“”`
		1 (Alt+Shift)	`¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿`
	Linux	0	`=\`[],./;’\-`
		1 (Shift)	`!@#$%^&*()~+{}<>?:"\|_`
		?	?
	iOS	1 (“123” key)	`-/:;()$&@".,?!’`
	iOS	1 (“#+=” key)	`[]{}#%^*+=_\|\\~<>€£¥·` (duplicate symbols to “123” pane not shown)
Chinese Traditional	macOS	0	`=·-、；‘，。/【】`
		1 (Shift)	`～+！@#$%⋯⋯&*（）——｜：“《》？「」`
		1 (Alt)32	`·–«æ⋯⋯æ≤≥÷“‘`
		1 (Alt+Shift)	`·±⁄€‹›ﬁﬂ‡°·‚—»ÚÆ¯˘¿`
	iOS	1 (“123” key)	`-/：；（）——$@「」。，、？！.`
	iOS	1 (“#+=” key)	`［］｛｝#％^*+=_——\｜～《》€&·⋯，？！` (duplicate symbols to “123” pane not shown)
Chinese Simplified	macOS	0	`·=-、；‘，。/【】`
		1 (Shift)	`～+！@#¥%……&*（）——｜：“《》？「」`
		1 (Alt)	`·≠–«……æ≤≥÷”’`
		1 (Alt+Shift)	`·±⁄€‹›ﬁﬂ‡°·‚—»ÚÆ¯˘¿”’`
	iOS	1 (“123” key)	`-/：；（）$@“”。，、？.`
	iOS	1 (“#+=” key)	`【】｛｝#%^*+=_——\｜～€&·⋯，?!` (duplicate symbols to “123” pane not shown)
Japanese	macOS	0	`｀＝ー￥；’、。・「」`
		1 (Shift)	`〜＋！＠＃＄％＾＆＊（）＿｜：”＜＞？『』`
		1 (Alt)	`≠¡™£¢∞§¶•【】－＼…‘，．／［］`
		1 (Alt+Shift)	`±⁄€‹›ﬁﬂ‡°〔〕—»‥“¯˘…｛｝`
		2 (hold key)	`《》` (`「」` 次候補), `【】` (`「」` 次候補)
	iOS	1 (“123” key)	`-/:@()「」$&。、？！`
		1 (“#+=” key)	`［］｛｝#%^*＋＝_\;｜<>”’€£.,？！．` (duplicate symbols to “123” pane not shown)
		2 (hold key)	`《》` (`[]` 次候補), `【】` (`「」` 次候補)
Korean	macOS	0	`₩=-\;',./[]`
		1 (Shift)	`~+!@#$%^&*()_\|:"<>?{}`
		1 (Alt)	`=-;',./[]`
		1 (Alt+Shift)	(same as Shift plane)
	iOS	1 (“123” key)	`-/:;()$&@".,?!’`
	iOS	1 (“#+=” key)	`[]{}#%^*+=_\|\~<>€£¥·` (duplicate symbols to “123” pane not shown)

Symbols used in default AsciiDoc

The following symbols are used in the default AsciiDoc syntax:

Symbol	Unicode	Usage
`* *`	U+002A	Emphasis
`_ _`	U+005F	Italics
`+ +`	U+002B	Insertion
`- -`	U+002D	Deletion
`~ ~`	U+007E	Subscript
`^ ^`	U+005E	Superscript
`==`	U+003D	Title
`[ ]`	U+005B, U+005D	Attributes and anchors
`[[[ ]]]`	U+005B, U+005D	Bibliographic reference
`<< >>`	U+003C, U+003E	Cross-reference
`__`	U+002F	Quotation block
`--`	U+0027	Open block and source block
`\|`	U+007C	Table cell
`//`	U+002F	Comment
`'`	U+0027	Inline literal
`"`	U+0022	Quotation
`(( ))`	U+0028, U+0029	Index term

CJK symbols reserved for markup compatibility

Full-width compatible symbols for the default AsciiDoc syntax:

Full-width symbol	Unicode	Unicode name	ASCII equivalent
`＊`	U+FF0A	Fullwidth Asterisk	`*`
`＿`	U+FF3F	Fullwidth Low Line	`_`
`＋`	U+FF0B	Fullwidth Plus Sign	`+`
`－`	U+FF0D	Fullwidth Hyphen-Minus	`-`
`～`	U+FF5E	Fullwidth Tilde	`~`
`＾`	U+FF3E	Fullwidth Circumflex Accent	`^`
`＝`	U+FF1D	Fullwidth Equal Sign	`=`
`［］`	U+FF3B, U+FF3D	Fullwidth Left Square Bracket, Fullwidth Right Square Bracket	`[ ]`
`＜＞`	U+FF1C, U+FF1E	Fullwidth Left-Pointing Double Angle Quotation Mark, Fullwidth Right-Pointing Double Angle Quotation Mark	`< >`
`＿`	U+FF0F	Fullwidth Solidus	`_`
`－`	U+FF07	Fullwidth Hyphen-Minus	`-`
`｜`	U+FF5C	Fullwidth Vertical Line	`\|`
`／`	U+FF0F	Fullwidth Solidus	`/`
`＇`	U+FF07	Fullwidth Apostrophe	`'`
`＂`	U+FF02	Fullwidth Quotation Mark	`"`
`（）`	U+FF08, U+FF09	Fullwidth Left Parenthesis, Fullwidth Right Parenthesis	`( )`

CJK symbols reserved for textual content

The following CJK symbols are traditionally used in textual content.

Therefore these symbols should not be used alone for markup, unless combined with other symbols into a delimiter.

Symbol	Unicode	Usage
`「」`	U+300C, U+300D	Primary quotation
`『』`	U+300E, U+300F	Secondary quotation
`（）`	U+FF08, U+FF09	Parentheses
`，`	U+FF0C	Full-width comma
`ー`	U+FF0D	Full-width hyphen-minus
`：`	U+FF1A	Full-width colon
`；`	U+FF1B	Full-width semicolon
`、`	U+3001	Enumeration comma
`。`	U+3002	Period
`！`	U+FF01	Full-width exclamation mark
`？`	U+FF1F	Full-width question mark
`—`	U+2014	Em dash
`～`	U+301C	Wave dash
`·`	U+00B7	Middle dot
`⋯`	U+22EF	Midline horizontal ellipsis
`…`	U+2026	Horizontal ellipsis

CJK symbols available for markup

The following CJK symbols are available for markup.

This list explicitly excludes:

currency symbols

Symbol	Unicode	Unicode name
`《》`	U+300A, U+300B	Left Double Angle Bracket, Right Double Angle Bracket
`【】`	U+3010, U+3011	Left Black Lenticular Bracket, Right Black Lenticular Bracket
`〈〉`	U+3008, U+3009	Left Angle Bracket, Right Angle Bracket
`（）`	U+FF08, U+FF09	Fullwidth Left Parenthesis, Fullwidth Right Parenthesis
`［］`	U+FF3B, U+FF3D	Fullwidth Left Square Bracket, Fullwidth Right Square Bracket
`‹›`	U+2039, U+203A	Single Left-Pointing Angle Quotation Mark, Single Right-Pointing Angle Quotation Mark

Symbols and delimiters

The following symbols are used as delimiters in the Hanodoc syntax.

Bracket symbols selection

TODO

ASCII compatibility symbols

Delimiter	Usage	Example
`(( ))`	Book titles	`((論語))`
`(# #)`	Annotations	`(#note:commentary#)`
`\(\| \|)`	Marginal notes	`(\|margin:text\|)`
`(< >)`	Range markers	`(<start>)text(<end>)`
`(+ +)`	Insertions	`(inserted text)`
`(- -)`	Deletions	`(-removed text-)`
`(~ ~)`	Variants	`(~variant~)`

Native CJK symbols

Delimiter	Unicode	Usage	Example
《》	U+300A, U+300B	Book titles	《論語》
【】	U+3010, U+3011	Technical marks	【注：原文】
〈〉	U+3008, U+3009	Sub-references	〈卷一〉
［］	U+FF3B, U+FF3D	Special marks	［校：原缺］

Semantic element encoding Proper name element

The proper name element is used to mark the name of a person, place, or thing.

The native delimiter for marking proper names is the single left-pointing angle quotation mark and the single right-pointing angle quotation mark.

The following elements can be supplemented to a proper name:

dynasty/era
date of birth and death
occupation
other relevant information

Native syntax:

‹{name}› ‹孔子› ‹曹操› ‹東京› ‹香港› ‹上海› ‹孔子› ‹人：孔子，魯› ‹人：曹操，三國，155-220› ‹地：東京› ‹地：香港› ‹地：上海›

Compatible ASCII syntax:

(|{name}|) (|孔子|) (|曹操|) (|東京|) (|香港|) (|上海|) (|person:孔子,dynasty=魯|) (|person:曹操,dynasty=三國,birth=155,death=220|) (|place:東京|) (|place:香港|) (|place:上海|)

Command syntax:

name:[{name}] name:[{name},time={dynasty},birth={birth},death={death},occupation={occupation}] place:[{place}] place:[{place},time={dynasty}] name:[孔子] name:[曹操,time=三國,birth=155,death=220] place:[東京] place:[香港] place:[上海]

In rendering Traditional Chinese text, the text in the proper name element shall be rendered as:

with the proper name mark (horizontal: ＿ with U+2574, vertical: ︳ with U+FF3F).

In rendering Japanese text, the text in the proper name element shall be rendered as:

normal text.

In rendering Simplified Chinese text, the text in the proper name element shall be rendered as:

with the proper name mark (horizontal: ＿ with U+2574, vertical: ︳ with U+FF3F).

Title element

The title element is is the title of a book or document.

The native delimiter for marking titles is the double angle bracket. Sub-titles follow the main title using the sub-title delimiter.

Native syntax:

《{title}》《{title}》〈{subtitle}〉〈{subsubtitle}〉《論語》《論語》〈學而〉〈為政〉《老子》《道德經》〈德經〉〈第一章〉

Compatible ASCII syntax:

(<{title}>) (<{title}>)(<{subtitle}>)(<{subsubtitle}>) ((論語)) ((論語))(<學而>)(<為政>) ((老子)) ((道德經))(<德經>)(<第一章>)

Command syntax:

title:[{title}] title:[{title};{subtitle};{subsubtitle}] title:[論語] title:[論語,學而,為政]

In rendering Traditional Chinese text, the text in the title element shall be rendered as one of:

with the title mark (horizontal: wavy underline with U+301C, vertical: wavy underline with U+301C), with subtitles joined using the middle-dot (U+00B7) within the title mark
論語論語·學而·為政
with the double angle bracket (U+300A, U+300B) for the title mark, with subtitles in the single angle bracket (U+3008, U+3009) following the title mark.
《論語》《論語》〈學而〉〈為政〉

In rendering Japanese text, the text in the title element shall be rendered as:

with the title mark (horizontal: double angular quotation mark with U+300E, vertical: double angular quotation mark with U+300F), with subtitles following wrapped in 「」(U+300C, U+300D) brackets.
『論語』『論語』「學而」「為政」

In rendering Simplified Chinese text, the text in the title element shall be rendered as:

with the double angle bracket (U+300A, U+300B) for the title mark, with subtitles in the single angle bracket (U+3008, U+3009) following the title mark.
《论语》《论语》〈学而〉〈为政〉

Character-level modifications Reinstated text

(補文)

An insertion is a piece of text that is added to the original text.

The native delimiter for marking insertions is the plus sign.

The following elements can be supplemented to an insertion:

source of the insertion
author of the insertion
reason for the insertion

Native syntax:

【補：{text}】【補：{text}；據：{source}】【補：{text}；據：{source}；{author}】【+{text}+】【+{text}；據：{source}+】【+{text}；據：{source}；{author}+】《乙》本：廣德如不足，建德如【補：偷】。《乙》本：廣德如不足，建德如【補：偷。據：‹王›本】。《乙》本：廣德如不足，建德如【+偷+】。《乙》本：廣德如不足，建德如【+偷。據：‹王›本+】。

Compatible ASCII syntax:

(+{text}+) (+{text};source:{source}+) (+{text};source:{source};{author}+) 《乙》本：廣德如不足，建德如(+偷+) 《乙》本：廣德如不足，建德如(+偷;source:‹王›本+)

Command syntax:

insert:[{text}] insert:[{text};source={source}] insert:[{text};source={source},author={author}] 《乙》本：廣德如不足，建德如 insert:[偷] 《乙》本：廣德如不足，建德如 insert:[偷;source=‹王›本]

In rendering Traditional Chinese, Japanese, Simplified Chinese text, the text in the insertion element shall be rendered as:

with the tortoise shell mark (horizontal: 〔〕 with U+3014/U+3015, vertical: ︹︺ with U+FE39/U+FE3A).
廣德如不足，建德如〔偷〕。廣德如不足，建德如〔偷〕。據：‹王›本。

Extraneous text

(刪文)

A deletion is a piece of text that is removed from the original text.

The native delimiter for marking deletions is the minus sign.

The following elements can be supplemented to a deletion:

reason for the deletion
source of the deletion
author of the deletion

Native syntax:

【刪：{text}】【刪：{text}；據：{source}】【刪：{text}；據：{source}；{author}】【-{text}-】【-{text}；據：{source}-】【-{text}；據：{source}；{author}-】繘，自關而東周洛韓魏之間謂之綆，或謂之絡。關西謂之繘【刪：綆】。繘，自關而東周洛韓魏之間謂之綆，或謂之絡。關西謂之繘【刪：綆；校本刪末句「綆」字。戴震謂《周易音義》及《左傳正義》引《方言》無「綆」字，故《方言疏證》亦刪，與校本同。】。繘，自關而東周洛韓魏之間謂之綆，或謂之絡。關西謂之繘【-綆-】。繘，自關而東周洛韓魏之間謂之綆，或謂之絡。關西謂之繘【-綆；校本刪末句「綆」字。戴震謂《周易音義》及《左傳正義》引《方言》無「綆」字，故《方言疏證》亦刪，與校本同。-】。

Compatible ASCII syntax:

(-{text}-) (-{text};source:{source}-) (-{text};source:{source};{author}-) （-{text}-）（-{text}-；source：{source}）繘，自關而東周洛韓魏之間謂之綆，或謂之絡。關西謂之繘(-綆-) 繘，自關而東周洛韓魏之間謂之綆，或謂之絡。關西謂之繘(-綆;source:校本刪末句「綆」字。戴震謂《周易音義》及《左傳正義》引《方言》無「綆」字，故《方言疏證》亦刪，與校本同。-)

Command syntax:

delete:[{text}] delete:[{text};source={source}] delete:[{text};source={source},author={author}] 繘，自關而東周洛韓魏之間謂之綆，或謂之絡。關西謂之繘 delete:[綆] 繘，自關而東周洛韓魏之間謂之綆，或謂之絡。關西謂之繘 delete:[綆,reason=校本刪末句「綆」字。戴震謂《周易音義》及《左傳正義》引《方言》無「綆」字，故《方言疏證》亦刪，與校本同。]

In rendering Traditional Chinese, Japanese, Simplified Chinese text, the text in the deletion element shall be rendered as:

a footnote.
繘，自關而東周洛韓魏之間謂之綆，或謂之絡。關西謂之繘^1^。 ^1^ 刪：校本刪末句「綆」字。戴震謂《周易音義》及《左傳正義》引《方言》無「綆」字，故《方言疏證》亦刪，與校本同。

Editorial correction

(改文，校勘)

A correction is a piece of text that is changed from the original text.

The native delimiter for marking corrections is the ampersand symbol.

The following elements can be supplemented to a correction:

source of the correction
author of the correction
reason for the correction

Native syntax:

【改：{from}；{to}】【改：{text}；據：{source}】【改：{text}；據：{source}；{author}】【&{from}；{to}&】【&{text}；據：{source}&】【&{text}；據：{source}；{author}&】《漢【改：史；書】》曰：王者，父事天，母事地，子育黔黎。《漢【改：史；書；注「史」當作「書」】》曰：王者，父事天，母事地，子育黔黎。

Compatible ASCII syntax:

(&{from}:{to}&) (&{text};source:{source}&) (&{text};source:{source};{author}&) 《漢(&史:書&)》曰：王者，父事天，母事地，子育黔黎。《漢(&史:書;source:注「史」當作「書」&)》曰：王者，父事天，母事地，子育黔黎。

Command syntax:

correction:[{from}:{to}] correction:[{text};source={source}] correction:[{text};source={source},author={author}] 《漢 correction:[史:書]》曰：王者，父事天，母事地，子育黔黎。《漢 correction:[史:書;source=注「史」當作「書」]》曰：王者，父事天，母事地，子育黔黎。

In rendering Traditional Chinese, Japanese, Simplified Chinese text, the text in the correction element shall be rendered as:

a footnote.
《漢史^1^》曰：王者，父事天，母事地，子育黔黎。 ^1^ 改：注「史」當作「書」。

Character current variant

(古今字異)

A current character variant is a character that is written in a different form from current practice.

The native delimiter for marking current character variants is the @ at-sign.

The following elements can be supplemented to a current character variant:

source of the variant
author of the variant
reason for the variant

Native syntax:

【形：{orig}：{current}】【形：{orig}：{current}；{text}】【形：{orig}；{current}；{text}；據：{source}】【形：{orig}；{current}；{text}；據：{source}；{author}】【@{orig}：{current}@】【@{orig}：{current}；{text}@】【@{orig}；{current}；{text}；據：{source}@】【@{orig}；{current}；{text}；據：{source}；{author}@】《甲》本：不出於戶，以知天下。不【形：規；窺】於牖，以知天道。《甲》本：不出於戶，以知天下。不【形：規；窺；據：《王》本】於牖，以知天道。《甲》本：不出於戶，以知天下。不【形：規；窺；「規」字今為「窺」】於牖，以知天道。《甲》本：不出於戶，以知天下。不【@規；窺@】於牖，以知天道。《甲》本：不出於戶，以知天下。不【@規；窺；據：《王》本@】於牖，以知天道。《甲》本：不出於戶，以知天下。不【@規；窺；「規」字今為「窺」@】於牖，以知天道。

Compatible ASCII syntax:

(@{orig}:{current}@) (@{orig}:{current};{text}@) (@{orig}:{current};{text};source:{source}@) (@{orig}:{current};{text};source:{source};{author}@) 《甲》本：不出於戶，以知天下。不(@規:窺@)於牖，以知天道。《甲》本：不出於戶，以知天下。不(@規:窺;source:《王》本@)於牖，以知天道。《甲》本：不出於戶，以知天下。不(@規:窺;「規」字今為「窺」@)於牖，以知天道。

Command syntax:

variant:[{orig}:{current}] variant:[{orig}:{current};{text}] variant:[{orig}:{current};{text};source={source}] variant:[{orig}:{current};{text};source={source},author={author}] 《甲》本：不出於戶，以知天下。不 variant:[規:窺] 於牖，以知天道。《甲》本：不出於戶，以知天下。不 variant:[規:窺;source=《王》本] 於牖，以知天道。《甲》本：不出於戶，以知天下。不 variant:[規:窺,「規」字今為「窺」] 於牖，以知天道。

In rendering Traditional Chinese, Japanese, Simplified Chinese text, the text in the current character variant element shall be rendered as:

with the parenthesis mark (horizontal: （） with U+FF08/U+FF09, vertical: ︵︶ with U+FE35/U+FE36) containing the current character variant, with the original character variant in the text, and a footnote that explains the variant if text is provided.
《甲》本：不出於戶，以知天下。不規（窺）^1^ 於牖，以知天道。 ^1^ 「規」字今為「窺」。

Annotation Pronunciation

(音訓)

A pronunciation annotation is a note that provides the pronunciation of a character.

The following elements can be supplemented to a pronunciation annotation:

source of the pronunciation
author of the pronunciation
reason for the pronunciation

Native syntax:

【音：{character}：{pronunciation}】【音：{character}：{pronunciation}；{text}】【音：{character}：{pronunciation}；{text}；據：{source}】【~{character}：{pronunciation}~】【~{character}：{pronunciation}；{text}~】【~{character}：{pronunciation}；{text}；據：{source}~】 ‹子›‹列子›，居‹鄭›‹圃›【音：圃：補；《釋文》云，圃音補。】，四十年無人識者。 ‹子›‹列子›，居‹鄭›‹圃›【音：圃：補；《釋文》云，圃音補。；source:《釋文》】，四十年無人識者。 ‹子›‹列子›，居‹鄭›‹圃›【音：圃：補；《釋文》云，圃音補。】，四十年無人識者。

Compatible ASCII syntax:

(~{character};{pronunciation}~) (~{character};{pronunciation};{text}~) (~{character};{pronunciation};{text};source:{source}~) ‹子›‹列子›，居‹鄭›‹圃›(~圃：補~)，四十年無人識者。 ‹子›‹列子›，居‹鄭›‹圃›(~圃：補；《釋文》云，圃音補。~)，四十年無人識者。 ‹子›‹列子›，居‹鄭›‹圃›(~圃：補；《釋文》云，圃音補。；source:《釋文》~)，四十年無人識者。

Command syntax:

pronunciation:[{pronunciation}] pronunciation:[{pronunciation};{text}] pronunciation:[{pronunciation};{text};source={source}] ‹子›‹列子›，居‹鄭›‹圃› pronunciation:[圃:補]，四十年無人識者。 ‹子›‹列子›，居‹鄭›‹圃› pronunciation:[圃:補;《釋文》云，圃音補。]，四十年無人識者。 ‹子›‹列子›，居‹鄭›‹圃› pronunciation:[圃:補;source=《釋文》]，四十年無人識者。

In rendering Traditional Chinese, Japanese, Simplified Chinese text, the text in the pronunciation annotation element shall be rendered as:

as a footnote.
‹子›‹列子›，居‹鄭›‹圃›^1^，四十年無人識者。 ^1^ 《釋文》云，圃音補。

Meaning

(釋義)

A meaning annotation is a note that provides the meaning of a character.

The native delimiter for marking meaning annotations is the question mark.

The following elements can be supplemented to a meaning annotation:

source of the meaning
author of the meaning
reason for the meaning

Native syntax:

【義：{character}：{meaning-text}】【義：{character}：{meaning-text}】【義：{character}：{meaning-text}；據：{source}】【?：{character}：{meaning-text}?】【?{character}：{meaning-text}?】【?{character}：{meaning-text}；據：{source}?】循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】【義：揗，摩也。】循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】【義：揗，摩也。；source:《說文》】循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】【義：揗，摩也。；source:《說文》；author:王重民】循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】【?循，摩也。?】循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】【?循，摩也。；source:《說文》?】循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】【?循，摩也。；source:《說文》；author:王重民?】

Compatible ASCII syntax:

(?{character}:{meaning-text}?) (?{character}:{meaning-text};source:{source}?) 循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】(?循:揗，摩也。?) 循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】(?循:揗，摩也。;source:《說文》?)

Command syntax:

meaning:[{meaning-text}] meaning:[{meaning-text};source={source}] 循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】meaning:[循:揗，摩也。] 循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】meaning:[循:揗，摩也。;source=《說文》]

In rendering Traditional Chinese, Japanese, Simplified Chinese text, the text in the meaning annotation element shall be rendered as:

as an inline annotation; or
循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】small:[揗：揗，摩也。]。循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】small:[揗：《說文》揗，摩也。]。
as a footnote.
循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】^1^。 ^1^ 循：揗，摩也。循之不得，故曰易也。【王重民曰：循當讀如揗。】^2^。 ^2^ 循：《說文》揗，摩也。

Commentary

(注)

Plain

A plain commentary is title-less and author-less, assumed to be part of the current contribution.

The native delimiter for marking plain commentaries is the double square bracket.

The following elements can be supplemented to a plain commentary:

type of commentary
source of the commentary
author of the commentary

Native syntax:

【注：{commentary-text}】【注：{commentary-text}；據：{source}】【注：{commentary-text}；據：{source}；{author}】「『{commentary-text}』」「『{commentary-text}；據：{source}』」「『{commentary-text}；據：{source}；{author}』」 ‹⼦列⼦›曰：「天地無全功，聖⼈無全能，萬物無全⽤。【注：全猶備也。】 ‹⼦列⼦›曰：「天地無全功，聖⼈無全能，萬物無全⽤。『「全猶備也。」』 [commentary] ==== This is a block-based commentary. It can contain multiple paragraphs and lines. For example: First paragraph of the commentary. Second paragraph of the commentary. * Bullet points can also be included * Like this [source] ---- Code blocks can be included as well. ---- ==== [commentary,author="John Doe",year="2023"] ==== This is another block-based commentary with author and year. It can also contain multiple paragraphs and lines. For example: First paragraph of the commentary. Second paragraph of the commentary. * Bullet points can also be included * Like this [source] ---- Code blocks can be included in the commentary as well. ---- ====

This is a block-based commentary. It can contain multiple paragraphs and lines.

For example:

First paragraph of the commentary.

Second paragraph of the commentary.

Bullet points can also be included
Like this

Code blocks can be included as well.

《老子》曰「{C1}」：

《⽼⼦》曰「『C1』」：

「『‹徐靈府›曰：「且物之為貴，莫先於⼈，然不能定⼼援⽽朗照，裂愛網於通津，遂使性隨物遷，生與物化，至⼈哀之，故述⼤道之原，特標衆篇之⾸，俾尋原以階道，⽅觸事⽽即真，豈不有以者哉。」』」：「有物混成，先天地⽣「『』」，惟象無形，窈窈冥冥，寂寥淡漠，不聞其聲（四），吾强爲之名，字之曰道。

‹朱弁›曰：「夫本相待者有原，體相證者有歸，⼤道無原，至理無歸。今推之道原，反在乎物象之内，但復物之性，原其遠乎？」停誘：惟南⼦源道述：「原，本也。本道根真，包裹天地，以歷萬物，故⽇原道，因以題篇。」感定案：原，本也。本⽼⼦之道，圖發道的學說。⼀九七三年長沙⾺⼟姥漢墓出⼟的帛書佬汙⼄本卷前古供書潢帝泗繩，道源是其⼀。汶⼦道線篇名同造帝泗您，列爲⾸算。惟璃⼦⾸篇爲源道。［1:1⽼⼦，春秋時哲學家，道家的創始⼈。姓李名⽿，字脾。楚國苦縣（今阿南鹿⾢東）厲綿曲仁⼈。周守藏室之史。孔⼦曾向他問禮。著⼦，亦稱道德您，是道家的經典。以下爲⽂⼦引⽼汙之⾔。〕⽼⼦⼆⼗五章：「有物混成，先⼤地⽣，寂兮寥兮，獨⽴不改，胃⾏不始，可以烏天地母，吾不知其名，字之⽇道，强爲之名⼜⼤。」王禹注：「混然不可得⽽知，⽽萬物由之以成，故⽇混成也，不知其誰之⼦，故先天地⽜

With authorship and year

A commentary with authorship and year is a commentary with the author’s name and the year of the commentary.

Nesting

Multiple levels allowed.

TODO

ASCII equivalent

TODO

Invalid nesting examples

// INVALID - overlapping TODO // VALID - properly nested TODO Delimiter escaping Principles

Literal delimiters must be distinguishable from markup delimiters
Escaping method must work consistently across ASCII and CJK syntaxes
Escape sequences must not interfere with normal text rendering

Escape methods ASCII delimiters // Method 1: Backslash escape $(book title$) // Shows: ((book title)) \(#annotation\#) // Shows: (#annotation#) // Method 2: Entity reference ((book title)) // Shows: ((book title)) // Invalid - will be interpreted as markup ((book title)) // Interpreted as book title markup CJK delimiters // Method 1: Backslash escape \《論語\》 // Shows: 《論語》 \【注\】 // Shows: 【注】 // Method 2: Entity reference 《論語》 // Shows: 《論語》 【注】 // Shows: 【注】 // Invalid - will be interpreted as markup 《論語》 // Interpreted as book title markup Special cases Nested delimiters // Escaping inner delimiters 《論語．\《序文\》》 ((論語.\《序文\》)) // Alternative using entity references 《論語．《序文》》 ((論語.《序文》)) Multiple consecutive delimiters // Multiple escaped delimiters \《\《重複\》\》 // Shows: 《《重複》》 // Entity reference alternative 《《重複》》

Backslash escapes MUST be processed before markup parsing
Entity references MUST be decoded after markup parsing
Escaped delimiters MUST NOT participate in markup matching
Escape characters MUST be removed in final rendering

// Mixed normal and escaped delimiters 《道德經》云：「\【上德不德\】」 ((道德經)) says: "【上德不德】" // Complex nested case 【注：參見\《史記．\【孔子世家\】》】 (#note:see \《史記．\【孔子世家\】》#) // Preserving brackets in quotations 「子曰：\『學而時習之\』」 "子曰：『學而時習之』" Normative references

There are no normative references in this document.

Bibliography